Research methods chapter 5

Operationalization

________- describing how measurement will be made within a study.

Conceptualization

________- a process by which we make imprecise concepts more precise or specific.

Exhaustive

________- all possible attributes within a variable must be given.

Construct observation

________- complex concepts, no way to observe them directly or indirectly so you create a conduct.

Conceptualization make it

________ known you saw pills and not something else.

Interrater liability

people gathering data; they want to make sure they are receiving the same information.

Ordinal

attributes are exhaustive and mutually exclusive but can be rank order as more or less of something (scale from 0-10 or 1-10)

Ratio

________ level- exhaustive and mutually exclusive, ranked order; at the ________ level, there is a true zero (ex: how many years in prison- zero)

Conception (ex)

________- an image of pills.

Measurement Validity

________- how accurate is it.

Conceptual definition

________- within a study, what is the precise definition (working definition) (the precise meaning the researcher has for the concept)

Construct Validity

________- is based on the logical relationships among variables.

Concepts

________- in research methods, it is a word or symbol in language we use to convey meaning (make sure it is the same meaning)

Conception

________- is the mental image we have that represents a(n) ________.

mutually exclusive

Each attribute is independent or distinct from one another

Indirect observations

are second-hand observations (use some other source of data)

EX

direct (use radar to track speed), indirect (look at speeding tickets)

Ex (construct observation)

IQ (mental age divided by how old you are times 100) (mental state) (irresponsible driving)

- mutually exclusive (ex)

none of the ice creams is the same

Group example of levels of measurements

ice cream eating behaviors

Ratio (ex)

how many days a week do you eat ice cream (0-7)

Interval (ex)

0-1,2-3,4-5,6-7

Ordinal (ex)

never, occasional, often, daily

Nominal (ex)

do you eat ice cream (yes or no)

Ways to test for to accurate your tools are reliable

test-retest method, interrater lability, spilt-half method

Test-retest-method

to take a measurement twice (of the same thing)

Measurement Validity

how accurate is it

example of concept

drug

example of coceptualization

make it known you saw pills and not something else

example of working definition

prescription drugs (ADHD medicine)

direct observation

an observation you make as a researcher make first-hand (with your own eyes)

Nominal level

exhaustive and mutually exclusive (only characteristics)

Interval level

exhaustive and mutually exclusive, the attributes are being in order, but there is a standard or measurable (ex: asking age - 18-20, 21-23, 24-26,27-29) (DO NOT OVERLAP)

Ration level

exhaustive and mutually exclusive, ranked order; at the ratio level, there is a true zero (ex: how many years in prison- zero)

Measurement reliability

The ability of a measurement to yield the same result when applied two or more times (is about consistent measure)(has to be reliable)

Spilt-half method

like test-retest, but here you ask one set of questions to one group and the other set of questions to the other (should be measuring the same thing)

Face validity

particular empirical measures may or may not jibe with our common agreements and our individual mental images about a particular concept

Criterion-Related validity

involves comparing a measure with some external criterion

Content validity

refers to the degree to which a measure covers the range of meanings included within the concept

Levels of measurement (impacts the conclusion we can draw)

always measure at the highest level of specification because a higher level of measurement can always be treated as a lower level of measurement, and a lower level of measurement can never be treated as a higher level of measurement