Bio 006 - 8LB : Plant Organs: Leaves, Stems, Roots

Calvin Cycle

A series of biochemical reactions in photosynthesis where CO2 is converted into G3P.

stroma

Location of Calvin Cycle

CO2 → G3P.

Main Reaction of Calvin Cycle

ATP → ADP and NADPH → NADP+.

Energy Conversion in Calvin Cycle

Carbon Fixation

The process where Rubisco puts CO2 together with RuBP to form 3-phosphoglycerate.

Rubisco

An enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin Cycle.

3-phosphoglycerate

The product formed from the fixation of CO2 with RuBP.

G3P

The sugar produced in the Calvin Cycle that can be used to build other sugars like Glucose and Sucrose

C3 Plants

Plants that undergo typical photosynthesis, examples include rice, wheat, and soybeans.

Stomata

Open during the day and closed at night for gas exchange.

__________ in C3 Plants

Guard Cells

Cells that control the opening and closing of stomata.

CAM Plants

• Plants adapted to dry conditions, such as cacti and pineapples, that open stomata at night.

• Stomata are closed during the day to prevent water loss

• Conservation water

C4 Plants

Plants adapted to hot regions with intense sunlight, examples include grasses and corn.

Stomata

Partially close during the day if sunlight is very intense.

__________ in C4 Plants

Vascular Tissue in C4 Plants

Surrounded by bundle sheath cells and mesophyll cells.

Extra Step in C4 Photosynthesis

An additional reaction where PEP carboxylase adds CO2 to PEP to form a 4-carbon structure.

4-carbon Molecule in C4 Plants

The product of the extra step in C4 photosynthesis that helps concentrate CO2 for the Calvin Cycle.

PEP Carboxylase

An enzyme that catalyzes the addition of CO2 to PEP in C4 plants.

Bundle Sheath Cells

Cells in C4 plants that receive the 4-carbon molecule and drop off CO2 for the Calvin Cycle.

Mesophyll Cells

Cells in C4 plants where the initial reaction occurs to form the 4-carbon molecule.

Mesophytic

medium conditions for moisture —→ C3

Xerophytic

survives on very little water (think 'zero water') —→ CAM

Hydrophytic

high water conditions, including growing directly in the water —→ C3/C4

Adaxillary

upper surface of the leaf (top)

Abaxillary

lower surface of the leaf (bottom)

Monocot Leaf

• monkey face vascular bundles

• spread out all over in stems

Eudicot Leaf

• xylem in parallel lines

• candy corn

• circle around edge in stems

Lateral Roots

• Roots coming off of taproot

• Anchor plants

• Absorb water/ nutrients

  note: Remember —→ Eudicots

Root hairs

• Only 1 cell wide! Found on BOTH taproots and fibrous roots (eudi & mono)

• Increase surface area for absorption

• Absorb water/ nutrients

Epidermis

outermost layer, 1 cell thick

Cortex

Parenchyma, thick layer

Starch grains

Purple dots in cortex

Endodermis

inner layer of cortex

Casparian strip

around endo cells

Vascular cylinder (stele)

central part of the root containing xylem and phloem

Pericycle

outermost layer of cylinder

Xylem

circle in monocot root, cross/star in center of eudicot root

Phloem

lines edges of cylinder in monocot root, in rounded pockets to sides in eudicot root

Pith

Parenchyma, very center core in eudicot root, absent in monocot root

Sclerenchyma

type of ground tissue providing support

Bundle Cap

Sclerenchyma, top of vascular bundles in eudicot stems

Vascular cambium

circle that splits xylem and phloem in eudicot

Interfascicular cambium

between bundles

Monocot root

Identify image

Eudicot Root

Identify image

Monocot Stem

Identify image

Eudicot Stem

Identify image

Monocot Vascular Bundle

Identify image (hint: monkey face)

Eudicot Vascular Bundle

Identify image (hint: layered/candy corn)

leaves

flat and skinny

stems

circular, NO “layer”/ring of cortex (only background)

roots

circular, thick ring of cortex