9th Grade Honors Bio

8 characteristics of life

Order, sensitivity to environment, reproduction, adaptation, homeostasis/regulation, growth, energy, evolution (old socks roam away from home to grow exceptionally eager)

Order

Highly organized, hierarchy. Ex: atom, smallest and most fundamental unit, then molecule, then cell, then cell organelles

Sensitivity to environment

React to environment and things within environment, movement towards stimuli is positive, away is negative

Reproduction

single celled organisms are a sexual, duplicated DNA, multicellar, produce reproductive germline, gamete, oocyte, and sperm. Fertilization=new indivisual=DNA passed to offspring

Adaptation

Learning to fit within an environment, consequence of natural selection, advancing reproductive potential by surviving and reproducting. Not constant, environment changes so species must change.

Homeostasis and Regulation

All organisms need regulatory mechanisms to carry out functions. Ex: organs carry out oxygen, remove waste, deliver nutrients, and cool the body. To function, good conditions necessary. Internal conditions important to; thermoregulation (homeostasis)

Growth and development

Do this bc of genes that give directions for growth, young recieve parental characteristics

Energy

Source of energy is necessary for metabolism, whether photosynthesis or food.

Evolution

mutations cause diversity of life and adaptations OVERTIME

Scatter plot

When comparing multiple numbers with two variables (ex, independent and dependent)

Line graph

Shows changes over short or long periods of time

Histogram

Shows date distribution on a scale (ex, 10-20, 20-30, etc.)

Cell theory

cells are in all living things, cells are the basic unit of life, and existing cells turn into new cells

Prokaryotic cells

No nucleus

Eukaryotic cells

Has a nucleus

organelles only in plants

Chloroplast, Plastids, large permanant vacuole

orangelles only in animals

Centrioles (centrosomes), Lysosomes, Small Vacuoles

organelles only in bacteria

Pili, no membrane bound organelles, free floating DNA, no nucleaus, Fembrea, capsule

Bacteria and animal cells

Flagellum, Cellia

Animal and plant cells

Mitochondria, Nucleus, Vesicles, ER, Golgi Body, Cytoskeloton, Vacuoles, contained DNA, membrane bound organelles

Plant and Bacteria cells

cell wall

All cells

Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, DNA, Ribosomes

Graphing variable location

y: dependent, x: independent

independent v dependent

independent: what a person a changes in an expierience. Dependent: relies on independent, measured reaction

Nucleus

Eukaryotic, most important part, houses DNA, directs ribosomes. Has an envolope, chromosomes, nucleolis (produce and assemble ribosomes), nuclear pores, nucleoplam Reproduction, regulation, order

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Network of tubes membraneous, continuous with nucleus, no ribosomes and has lipid (fat) synthesis. homeostasis, growth, and development

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Has rivosomes and protiens, protien synthesis, post translation folding, sorting, and modifications, Homeosasis, growth, development

Golgi Body

Packages lipids and protien molecules, especially protiens that need to be exported out of the cell. By nucleus and ER. Homeostasis, order, growth

Vesicles

Focused on fusing w plama membrane and other membrane bound sacks for storage and transport, homeostasis, stimuli

Vacuole

Bigger than vesicles, storage and transport, break down macro molecules, water in plants, homeostasis

Lysosome

Animal cell, disposes, breaks down protiens, lipids, acids, etc. Enzymes with high PH. Homeostasis.

Mitochondria

Power house, energy, makes ATP, makes carbon dioxide. Muscle matrix cell, cellular repiration. Homeostasis and energy

Chloroplast

Own DNA and ribosomes, plant cell organelles, glucose, photosynthesis, has chlorphyll inside. Growth and devolopment, homeostasis

Cell Membrane

Plasma membrane, phospholipid bilayer w protiens that seperate the cell, controls passages, homeostasis, stimuli

Cell Wall

Outside of the membrane, protects cell and gives shape and support, Homeostasis, adaptation, order

Ribosome

Cellular structures, protiens, RNA inside w orders from nucleus. Code of amino acids, Order, homeostasis, growth

Cytoskeloton

Network of filaments, support and give shape, position organelles and tracks that help cells to move, filaments, order, homeostasis, response, adaptation

Cytoplasm

Where organelles are suspended, 70-80 percent water, homeostasis, energy

Centrioles

Animal cells, play a role in cell division, spindle fivers for cytokinesis to occur, organized tubes, regulate position of organelles. Order, reproduction, energy.

Virus

Half living, can only reproduce with a host

Molecules that diffuse easily

Small, nonpolar, uncharged

Carrier protiens

Bind to molecules and transfer them across the membrane

Adhesion

Substances molecules (specifically water) being attracted to other substances

Cohesion

molecules attracted to each other

What phospholipid heads are made of

Glycerol and phosphate

Phospholiped heads are ________

hydrophilic, and can interact with water due to the presence of a polar phosphate group

What phospholiped tails are made of

saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

Phospholiped tails are _________

hydrophobic and nonpolar bc it doesn’t have a phosphate group

What adds to membrane fluidity

Kink in tail (unsaturated fatty acid tail), mosaic structure (because of embedded), and cholestoral

Passive transport

Down concentration gradient, diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, goes from high to low solute concentration, doesn’t use energy

Active transport

Against gradient, low to high concentration, uses energy, normally is aided by protiens, sodium potassium pump

Osmosis

water moves across the membrane toward area with highest solute concentration (high to low water). It will move toward a hypertonic solution bc of their high solute

Diffusion

molecules move from high to low concentration easily to reach equilibrium

Diffusion is easy bc of 3 things

Small, nonpolar, and uncharged

Glycolipid

carbs connected to lipids

Glycoprotien

carbs connected to protiens

integral protien

A protien which goes through the entirety of the cell and aids in transport

peripheral protien

A protien which goes through some of the cell and helps in cell cell recognition

Turgidity

when a cell grows/ cells (plant) and the membrane pushes against the cell wall

Plasmolysis

When a cell shrinks (plant)

Hypertonic

High solute concentration, causes an animal cell to shrivel and a plant cell shrinks also (plasmolysis)

Hypotonic

Low solute concentration, causes a cell to swell (plants love, animals hate)

Isotonic

solute concentration is the same on the inside and outside of the cell, or there is an equal amount of solute and solvent

Turgor pressure

hydrostatic pressure in plant cells which pushes plasma membrane against cell wall

Cytolosis

bursting of an animal cell in a hypotonic solution

Facilitated diffusion

Passive transport, diffusion with the help of a protien

Water Molecules

two hydrogen (delta positive), one oxygen (delta negative), so it’s polar, connected through hydrogen bonds , bc partial positives and negatives attract, causes a dipole moment (bond moments direction from a + to a -) bc of partial charge seperation (going up)

Bulk transport

Cells transporting large molecules

Flaccid

Isotonic in plant cells

Lysed

Hypotonic in animal cells

Endocytosis

Actuve transport which moves particles into the cell, membrane invaginates, forms pocket, pinches off, becomes new vesicle from plama membrane

Phagocytosis

Cell eating, a cell taking in large particles like other cells, form of endocytosis

pinocytosis

Smaller vesicles with liquid, from of endocytosis

Exocytosis

Expel material from cell to form extra cellular fluid. Waste is enveloped and fuses with membrane, opens envelope and waste expels

Functions of membrane protiens

Transportm intercellular joining, enzyme activity, cell to cell recognition, sitgnals, cyto skeleton

Gated channel protiens

Open and close when physically or chemically stimulated, can change shape

Sodium Potassium Pump

Maintains levels, uses 1 ATP to pump 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions in; active transport

semipermeable

selectively permeable, specific molecules in and out

Tonicity

How a cell’s volume changes because of osmosis

functions of membrane protiens

ionic and molecular transport, electron transport, signal transduction, enzymatic reactions and intercellular communication

concentration

amount of solute

Molecules that cannot pass through

charged or too large, such as Glucose (too big) or Ions (polar)

punnett square

A diagram used to predict the genetic outcomes of a cross between two individuals, illustrating the possible allele combinations of offspring. It applies rules of probablility that predict that outcome of a genetic cross. It helps to determine observable traits.

Genotype

The allelles of a person’s gene. Ex: 50% Aa

Phenotype

The physical characteristics that occur from a genotype. Ex: 50% blue eyed

gene

a unit of heredity which goes from the parent to the offspring and determines the charactersistcs of the offspring

Allele

The different forms of a gene

complete dominance

gregor mendel’s theory with dominant and recessive alleles. Ex: RR, Rr, rr

Homozygous

It can be homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive, but either way there is no carrier. In other words, the individual has two identical alleles for a trait. Ex: TT. Ex: tt.

Heterozygous

An individual having two different alleles for a trait. Ex: The individual has one dominant allele and one recessive allele, such as Aa.

Multiple alleles

Multiple alleles control 1 trait

Blood types

The human blood types are blood type A, B, AB, and O. It is controlled by Codominance and multiple alleles. There are two dominant alleles: I^A and I^B, and one recessive allele: i.

Blood Type A

The genotype is I^A I^A or I^Ai. It can donate blood to types AB and A. It can recieve blood from types A and O. It has the antibody Anti-B and a A antigen.

Blood Type B

This genotype is I^BI^B or I^Bi. It can donate blood to AB and B. It can receive blood from blood types O and B. It has the antibody Anti-A and a B antigen

Blood Type AB

This genotype is I^AI^B. It can donate blood to blood type AB. It can receive blood from A, B, AB, and O (universal reciever). It has no antibodies and A and B antigens.

Blood Type O

This genotype is ii. It can donate blood to A, B, AB, and O (universal donor). It can receive blood only from type O. It has the antibodies Anti-A and Anti-B, and no antigens.

dominant allele

the gene that masks the recessive gene; represented by a capitol letter

recessive allele

the masked gene; represented by a a lowercase letter

Incomplete dominance

a mixed trait is possible, portraying a blended characteristic. Ex: C exponent R, C exponent W

Codominance

Both alleles are fully expressed, showing a mix. Ex: RW