Conditions of the hematologic system

what vitamins are required for the formation?

B12 and folate

Local lymphadenopathy is most commonly a key indicator of which type of infection?

localized infection

Which term is defined as overcrowded bone marrow leading to a decrease in production of platelets, RBCs, and other bone marrow products?

pancytopenia 

What is the primary trigger that causes red blood cells to deform into a sickle shape in individuals with Sickle Cell Disease?

poor oxygenation and dehydration

What is Anemia?

reduced quality or quantity of hemoglobin and RBC

What are common physical signs or symptoms that a person with anemia might exhibit?

fatigue, weakness, pallor 

How does the body try to maintain blood volume when blood consistency is reduced during anemia?

moves interstitial fluid into the blood increase plasma volume which increase HR and SV

What are the ways the cardiovascular system immediately compensates for hypoxemia in anemic patients?

dilates arterioles and capillaries to increase blood flow which increases heart rate and can lead to heart failure 

In anemic patients, how does the pulmonary system compensate for tissue hypoxia?

increase the rate, depth and effort of breathing to increase oxygen to tissues

List four symptoms that result directly from the body's compensatory efforts during anemia.

dyspnea, rapid heartbeat, pallor, dizziness

Which anemia can be classified as Macrocytic-Normochromic Anemias?

pernicious and folate deficiency

what are the risk factors of Pernicious anemia?

chronic gastritis, gastric surgery,

The definitive clinical manifestation that distinguishes Pernicious Anemia from Folate Deficiency Anemia is the presence of:

paresthesia and neurological deficits

Describe the pathophysiology of pernicious anemia?

a lack of intrinsic factor causes insufficient production of healthy red blood cells

what are the clinical manifestations of Pernicious anemia?

pallor, fatigue, nausea, paresthesia, beefy red tongue

what is the risk factor of folate deficiency anemia?

malnourishment, alcoholism

what is the pathophysiology of folate deficiency anemia?

lack of folate in the body causes the production of macrocytic red blood cells

what are clinical manifestations of folate deficiency anemia?

burning mouth syndrome, flatulence, watery diarrhea

Which type of anemia can be classified as Microcytic-hypochromic?

iron deficiency anemia

what is the primary risk factor of iron deficiency anemia?

pregnancy and acute blood loss

what are clinical manifestations of Iron deficiency anemia?

fatigue, weakness, pale conjunctiva, koilonychia

which type of anemias are classified as normocytic-normochromic anemias?

posthemorrhagic anemia, sickle cell disease

What are the genetic component of sickle cell disease?

it is an autosomal recessive condition that is passed from two carrier parents

what are the consequences of sickled RBC?

increased blood viscosity, slower movement of blood, vascular occlusion

What is Vaso-Occulsive?

sickle cell crisis characterized by vasospasm, thrombosis formation and decreased oxygenation 

what are clinical manifestations of Vaso-Occlusive?

pain, jaundice, weakness

What is the genetic component of Classic Hemophilia A?

x-linked recessive factor VIII deficiency

what is the pathophysiology of classic hemophilia?

fibrinogen does not convert to fibrin so scaffold does not form and blood does not clot 

what are clinical manifestations of classic hemophilia?

joint bleeding, bruising, internal bleeding

What is the genetic component of Won Willebrand disease?

autosomal dominant disorder that causes blood not to clot

What is thrombophilia?

autosomal dominant condition that causes blood to hypercoagulate

What is the risk factor of factor V Leiden?

having a European ancestry

what is factor V Leiden?

a single nucleotide mutation that leads to prolong high levels of factor V and overproduction of thrombin

Describe the pathophysiology of factor V Leiden?

coagulation factor V cannot be inactivated by APC

what is leukocytosis?

increased white blood cells 

what is leuckopenia?

decreased white blood cells

What can cause leukopenia?

radiation, anaphylactic shock

What causes leukocytosis?

surgery, medication, infection

what is agranulocytes?

decrease amount of granulocytes

what causes agranulocyte?

chemotherapy, radiation

what are the clinical manifestations of agranulocytes?

fever, malaise, ulcers, sepsis

what are the common features of leukemia?

uncontrolled proliferation, overcrowding of bone marrow and decreased production of normal cells

A patient with acute leukemia has a predominance of undifferentiated, immature cells (blast cells) in the bone marrow. What characteristic does this cause?

presence of immature cells leading to rapid onset of disease

what characterize the type of cells and progression of chronic leukemia?

mature cells leading to slow progression of disease

what are the risk factors of leukemia?

chromosomal malformation, gene mutations, chemicals

what are the manifestations of leukemia?

pallor, fatigue, purpura, fever

what are the symptoms of acute leukemia?

fever, fatigue, bleeding, weight loss, anemia

what are the symptoms of chronic leukemia?

enlarged spleen or lymph nodes

The primary distinguishing characteristic used to diagnose Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) from Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) is the presence of which cell type?

Reed-Sternberg cells

what are the clinical manifestations of Hodgin’s lymphoma?

painless lymph nodes, abdominal mass, fever

what are the risk factors of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

middle age, high fat diet, male, organ transplant

What is the pathophysiology of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

progressive clonal expansion of B cells, T cells and NK cells and the activation oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes

what are the manifestations/cues of non-Hodgkins lymphoma?

fever, weight loss, night sweats

what virus is associated with Burkitt lymphoma?

Epstein-Barr virus 

Who are at risk for Burkitt lymphoma?

immunosuppressed patients, chromosomal mutations

What platelet value is considered thrombocytopenia?

<150000

what are the risk factors of thrombocytopenia?

nutritional deficiency, liver disease, viral illness, autoimmune disorders

A patient with thrombocytopenia (platelets <150,000/μL) would most likely present with which clinical sign?

petechiae, purpura, gingival bleeding, spontaneous bleeding

What is the primary mechanism of platelet destruction in Immune (Idiopathic) Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)?

IgG antibodies targeting platelet glycoproteins leading to their removal from circulation 

what are the clinical manifestations of Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP)

petechiae, purpura, bruising

what happens in acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura?

antigen forms immune complexes which binds to receptors on platelets and leads to their destruction

what is the pathophysiology of chronic ITP?

autoantibody mediated destruction against platelet

What is the primary cause and pathological outcome of Essential (Primary) Thrombocythemia?

Excessive production of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow promoting microvasculature thrombosis.

What are the signs and symptoms of Essential(primary) thromocythemia?

fatigue, clotting

What are the consequences of Essential(primary) thrombocythemia?

DVT, PE and arterial thrombosis

Vitamin K is essential for which function in the coagulation cascade?

synthesis and regulation of prothrombin

How does severe liver disease primarily affect the body's hemostasis and coagulation balance?

causes defects in coagulation and decreased platelet function and number

what are the conditions that cause lymoadenopathy?

infections, autoimmune disorders, neoplastic disease