APUSH Period 5 1844–1877

Origin of the term manifest destiny

In 1845, John O’Sullivan wrote about Americans westward expansion

Manifest Destiny

the want to possess the whole continent because it was given by God/Providence, God given right

Why was manifest destiny “needed”?

Americans needed more access to mineral and natural resources, new economic and homesteading opportunities, religious refuge

California Gold Rush

in 1849 people from the east rushed to California to stake their claim and strike it rich, leading to a large population in the territory

Similar migrations west like the gold rush

Silver and gold found in Nevada and Colorodo

Preemption Acts

1830s-1840s, made vast tracts of land available for cheap to anyone who wanted to buy it to set up a homestead

Types of people who migrated west

middle class

Example of those who seeked religious refuge

Mormons in Utah

The election of 1844

James K. Polk, large manifest destiny believer, thought that his election was a mandate from the people to bring those territories into the Union

Territories James K Polk wanted gained/annexed

Texas, Oregon and California (annexed)

Texas before 1829

Americans outweighed Mexicans 3:1, typically they were southern, Protestant and pro-slavery

Conditions on immigrants in 1829 in Mexico

said immigrants (Americans and indigenous) must convert to Roman Catholicism and outlaw slavery, this was ignored

Causes of Texas’ Independence

in 1834, a new dictator arose in Mexico and started to enforce the 1829 laws, Texans revolted under Sam Houston(Houston, Texas),

The Battle of Alamo

after Texans revolted, Mexico sent forces and killed every american who defended rebellion

The Battle of San Jacinto

Houstan engaged his army, captured the Mexican general, and forced him to sign a treaty that granted Texan independence (not recognized by Mexico because generals don’t have that authority)

Presidents asked to Annex Texas

Jackson and Van Buren (said no because scared of war) and John Tyler tried, but it was denied

Debate over Oregon Territory

British-we have fur trade and longer claims on the land, Americans- but I want it and missionaries have been moving there (more americans than brits)

Agreement about Oregon Territory

John Tyler (Polk VP) made a agreement with the British that it was going to be divided at the 49th parallel

Causes of the Mexican American War

annexation of Texas (by John Tyler while leaving office), John Slidell was sent to Mexico City to ask if he could get more land (NM and CA) disagreement between Texan border

Immidiate Cause of Mexican American War

since the land between Rio Grande and Nueces River was technically ours (right..?) then Zachory Taylor and his troops should be able to advance, Mexican troops met them at the border and 11 americans ended up dead(on our undisputed territory! how dare they), this means war…

How did Americans win the Mexican-American War?

Winfield Scott occupied Mexico City, a victory which forced the mexican government to give it up

Effects of the Mexican American War

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), Mexican Cession, Gadsden Purchase

Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo

of 1848, established the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas, outlined the Mexican Cession

Mexican Cession

Mexico ceded California and New Mexico to the Untied States for 15 million(technically this money was to say sorry for war and we just gained the land as an effect of war)

Gadsden Purchase

another chunk of land gained from the Mexican American War in 1853 for 10 million, aquired by Pierce for a new railroad

Wilmot Proviso

by David Wilmot, proposed that any lands gained from victory in the Mexican American war were off limits to the expansion of slavery, rejected, highlights growing tensions over slavery, this was proposed before the Mexican American war was won

Free Soil

acquiring additional land for homesteaders to settle on without competition from the system of slavery, more economic

Citizenship under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo in new land

Mexicans were granted US citizenship and Indians were not, even though they were given citizenship by Mexico previously

Why was the Missouri Compromise so important to the South?

it was a guarantee that slavery and their economy would continue to exist unharassed below this line

Free Soil Movement

composed of northern democrats and Whigs, wanted new territories acquired to be the dominion of free laborers, also had Abolitionists, largely in support of the Wilmot Proviso

Northern Democrat and Whig views

even though they were against slavery in new territories, they mostly just didn’t want black people to be granted access to settle in these new territories, white land without enslaved labor

The Liberator

a newspaper by William LLoyd Garrison, extremely influential in the abolistionist movement, influenced Frederick Douglass to write his autobiography and depict his life as a slave

Popular Sovereignty

majority rules in each state, really only increased slavery tensions

Compromise of 1850

proposed by Henry Clay, Mexican Cession would be further divided into the Utah and New Mexico territories and would practice popular sovereignty, California would be admitted as a free state, slave trade banned in Washington DC, Stricter Fugitive Slave Law(Solomon Northup)

Why was California and New Mexico being free states before 1850 such a big whoop?

The balence in the Senate was now unbalenced and new laws against slavery could be passed because there was more free seats that slave

Why was the new Fugitive Slave Law such a big deal?

Abolistionists didn’t like that there was a law enforcing them to arrest enslaved people, especially because people could lie and court and say they escaped their enslaver

Cultural Enclaves

ethnic communities where they kept alive their cultural customs, languages and religion

Nativist

person who believed in protecting the interests of native-born people against the interest of immigrants

American Party/ Know Nothing Party

a party that advocated for limited cultural and political influence by immigrants, ran by Millard Fillmore, virtually self-destructed because northern and southern Whigs couldn’t agree

Ostend Manifesto

Polk offered to buy Cuba from Spain for 100 million, but Spain refused, Southerners were defeated when they tried to take it by force, Pierce cooked up the Manifesto to negotiate with Spain because he was pro-slavery, but news of this was leaked and Northerners basically forced him to drop the scheme

Panic of 1857

Prices for Midwestern farmers dropped sharply and unemployment in Northern cities increased, cotton prices remained high, the South was less affected, and beleived that plantation economy was superior

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, best selling all over, southerners were mad, influenced those on the edge about slavery, depicted it for the harsh reality it was

John Brown and Harpers Ferry

wanted to “fix” slavery in the south by starting a slave uprising by arming enslaved people and killed their enslavers, managed to kill some people but was executed by Kansas (during Bleeding Kansas)

Kansas-Nebraska Act

of 1854, Stephen Douglas of Illinois proposed that this territory be divided into Kansas territory and Nebraska territory, in which each territory could decided by popular sovereignty whether to allow slavery or not, essentially overturning the Missouri Compromise, Douglas also wanted to end the transcontinental railroad in Illinois, Northerners considered this law a betrayal, regarding it as further evidence of the Southerners, in response Northerners weakened the Fugitive Slave Act

Bleeding Kansas

violence between pro-slavery and anti-slavery that was an effect of the Kansas-Nebraska Act

Border Ruffians in Kansas

roughly 5x the amount of eligable people voted against pro-slavery legislature because the people of Missouri came over (lived in Kansas temporarily) and voted in their election

Lecompton Constitution

pro-slavery constitution for Kansas, suppported Piece and Buchanan

Leavenworth Constituion

anti-slavery constitution for Kansas

Dred Scott v Sandford

of 1857, brought before the Supreme Court, Scott argued that he should be a free man because he traveled from a slave state to a free state and lived there, Scott did not win because he was considered not a citizen of the US so he can’t sue in court, he was considered property and the Missouri Constituion was unconstitutional

What happened to the Whig Party?

Republican party was formed after the Kansas-nebraska act and some of them joined as well as some democrats, split into Cotton Whigs and Conscience Whigs

Who was in the Republican party?

Former Know Nothings, Abolitionists, Free Soilers, and Conscience Whigs

What did the Republican party believe before the Civil War?

That slavery just shouldn’t spread into new territories

Election of 1860

Stephen Douglas (popular sovereignty) vs Abraham Lincoln (free soiler), Lincoln lost popular vote but won electoral vote, Lincoln won presidency without a single vote from southern states

Democratic Factions

Northern (Stephen Douglas and popular sovereignty), Southern (John Breckinridge and slavery in new territories protected by federal slave code, when they become states then it could be popular sovereignty)

What did the 1860 election tell Southerners?

that they didn’t have enough power to win against northern states even if they used all their power, thought because Lincoln won, that slavery was over (really it was only over in new territories)

When did South Carolina secede from the Union?

December of 1860, before Lincoln was inaugurated, within six weeks, six more states followed

Confederate States of America

created a constitution similar to the US constitution but with very limited federal power, and enshrined slavery never to be abolished

Why did the South secede?

really it was the protection of slavery but was hidden under advocating for protection of state’s rights

Secession Conferences

explained states’ reason for leaving the Union

Leaders of Confederacy

Jefferson Davis (P) and Alexander Stephens (VP)

What did Alexander Stephens say about the foundation of the confederacy?

That it lay in triumph of the white race over the black race and that such a triumpth would be perpetuated in the instituion of slavery

Advantages of the Confederate states

Fought a defensive war, possessed far greater and more experienced military leaders(Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson)

Advantages of the Union

4x the population of the Confederates, possessed a robust navy to control seas and rivers, controlled the majority of banks, manufacturing and railroads, well established central government

Northern Economies

manufacturers rapidly modernized their productive capacity, King Wheat and King Corn

Southern Economies

relied heavily on tariffs and taxes on exports to raise revenue for the war → faltered from union blockades

New York City Draft Riots in 1863

working class didn’t like that rich men could pay to get out of the draft, it was a protest turned violent

Fort Sumter

in SC, Lincoln tried to send provisions to the Union troops trapped in the fort, South blew up these supply ships, firing the first signal of the Civil War(Lincoln) did not want to fire the first shot

First Battle of Bull Run

Huge battle fought in VA, civilians watched, Union was winning at first but with help from Stonewall Jackson, the south secured an easy victory

Anaconda Plan → Northern Strategy

North would rely heavily on its naval advantage in order to blockade Southern ports and control the Mississippi River

Souther strategy

relied on foregin help from Britain and France, thought King Cotton was going to win(India and Eygpt were better for cotton)

Ulysses S. Grant

rarely retreated and pressed the Confederates back hard into their own territory, helped the Union back on their feet

Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation of 1862

Freed all enslaved people in southern states starting the first day of 1863, border states with slavery were excluded, more of a military strategy but officially declared the civil war a war against slavery, allowed Confederate states to join the Union without giving up slavery, because Lincoln had no power to abolish slavery under the constitution

Effects of the Emancipation Proclamation

Enslaved workers in Confederacy escaped plantations and ran to safety of Union lines(possibly fighting for the Union), closed British involvement

Battle of Vicksburg

allowed the Union to take control of the Mississippi, cutting the confederacy in half

March to the Sea

a march from Atlanta to Savannah, destroyed railroads and scorched crops and land, making it impossible for the South to recover its strength

Appomattox Courthouse

Lee formally surrendered to Grant that the war was over, April 1865

Battle of Antietam

September 1862, First battle fought in the East where the Union wasn’t completely defeated, forced Confederacy to retreat, this “victory” gave Lincoln a platform to announce the Emancipation Proclamation

Gettysburg Address

Lincoln sought to unify the nation, portray the struggle against slavery as the fulfillment of America’s founding democratic ideals, at the Gettysburg cemetery, helped define the war not only as a struggle to preserve the Union but also as a struggle for human equality

Abraham Lincoln’s position on the South after the war

said that the South never actually left the Union because it was legally impossible for them to do so, treating Southerners harshly would only renew the tension that led to secession

Lincoln’s Reconstuction Plan “10% plan”

established a minimum test of political loyalty for southern states to return to the Union and state governments by having ten percent of the 1860 electorate pledge loyalty, state legislature had to ratify the 13th amendment

The 13th amendment

prohibited slavery

John Wilkes Booth

shot Lincoln in Ford Theater, only a few weeks before the war had offically ended

What happened after Lincoln death?

Andrew Johnson became president in his place

How was Andrew Johnson different from Lincoln?

he had no sympathy for emancipation or equality of races, allowed South to basically assume power and recreate conditions similar to before the civil war, he pardoned many of the southern elite that would have been excluded from unification

Black Codes

wanted to codify white supremacy into law, restricted the freedom of southern black people and forced them to work for low wages, were unable borrow money for land → sharecropping was their only choice, black people were not allowed to testify against white people in court→ could not speak about injustices, racial segregation of Southern society

Views of Radical Republicans

wanted immediate emancipation, thought the South’s secession had caused untold damage and death, therefore the South needed to pay, wanted the process of Reconstruction done by the Congress and not Johnson

Confiscation Acts (Radical Republicans)

gave the government the right to seize any enslaved person (supporting the Confederate states) and allowing the government to liberate any enslaved person owned by someone who supported the rebellion, had little effect because Lincoln refused to enforce it

Freeman’s Bureau

agency set up to help newly freed black people get on their feet, also helped familes separeated by slavery and arrange their education and social welfare

Civil Rights Act of 1866

protected citizenship of black people and gave them equal protection under alws

What happened to the Civil Rights Act and the Freeman’s Bureau?

Both were vetoed by Andrew Johnson, enraging Radical Republicans to in Congress overcome and get a majority vote to override his veto to get the laws passed

14th Amendment

result of fearful Radical Republicans of Johnson, said that all people born in the US were citizens and should enjoy the same amount of protection on the state level

Reconstuction Acts of 1867

passed over Johnson’s veto, assured that all laws being passed would be enforced in the South, dividing the south into districts and putting them under military occupation, increase requirement for southern states to rejoin, making them ratify the 14th amendment and all male sufferage

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

because Johnson fired a cabinet member (it was illegal without congressional approval), congress had a trial for three months, in which they failed to oust him by one vote, still rendered Johnson powerless to direct future reconstuction policies

Impeachment

the trial that determines if a president should be removed from office, not the removal itself

Tenure of Office Act in 1867

made it illegal for the president to fire a member of his cabinet without congressional approval

15th amendment

granted voting rights to the newly freed black population of the South (men only)

National Woman’s Suffrage Association

no likey amendment, Stanton and Anthony formed this group to continue to fight for voting to be extended to woman

Woman’s Suffrage

woman were outraged by the 15th amendment and the lack of woman, womans rights movement split into two groups over amendment debates

American Woman Suffrage Association

amendment was a step, Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell were disappointed over the amendments wording but argued that it was important to support Reconstuction efforts federally while working for woman’s suffrage on the state level

Black Communities after the civil war

set up black schools and colleges (Morehouse and Howard), some got elected into various representative offices, newly formed black churches with ministers