BIO101 Quiz 6

Attatchment proteins

Proteins on the side of the virus.

Receptor proteins

Proteins on the side of the cell the virus is attatching to.

How are receptor and attatchment proteins relevant to infectivity across species.

Only certain virus can attatch to certain cells due to their attatchment protein either being comapatable or incompatable with the receptor protein.

Form in relationsip to biology

What does it look like (flat, thick, tubular, circular, curved, straight, hairy, smooth, etc.)

Function in relationship to biology

What is its purpose? What does it do?

How does form relate to function?

Their form matches their function?

Give an example of form relating to function.

The fennec fox is much thinner and has larger ears when compared to an arctic fox. The form of the fennec fox (thin, short hair) has a function that allows it to stay cool.

Thin folded tissues are almost always involved in ___________ function

Absorption and secretion. More surface area is better for absorption and secretion.

Describe how an animal might evolve to look different and be shaped differently in higher versus lower latitudes, especially with regards to overall size and with regards to appendage length.

Closer to the equator will be smaller and thinner than those further from it.

Why is surface area so important?

Being smaller allows you to get rid of body heat quicker than compared to something with larger surface area.

Fermentation

A metabolic process where microorganisms convert carbohydrates like sugars into acids or alcohol in an anaerobic environment.

Trophic levels

A paper is produced with primary and secondary source. Once it is thrown out it will decompose and scavenged for older news.

What is the difference between a tissue, an organ, and an organ system?

What is the difference between a digestive tract organ and an accessory organ? Name one of each.

Digestive tract (mouth, stomach) is what food passes through, accessory orangs (liver, gallbladder) may assist digestive tract but do not directly touch the food.

Peristalsis

Involuntary muscle contractions that surround tubes of the digestive tract that make sure the food moves in the correct dirction.

Why can’t humans digest cellulose?

Cellulose is a digestion inhibitor which makes it hard to break it down. Humans do not produce the proper enzymes to break it down.

What allows horses, cows, deer, termites, and rabbits to digest cellulose?

They have gut bacteria that produce the correct enzymes (celluase) required to break down cellulose.

What is acidosis in cows and why is it so dangerous?

If they cows get acidosis then their stomach acid becomes too acidic and will kill the enzymes required to break down cellulose.

How does a cow’s (deer etc.) stomach differ from your stomach?

Multi-chambered and are able to break down cellulose.

What are the challenges of eating only plants, and what kinds of adaptations occur (evolve) when organisms eat only plants?

Cell walls and seeds can be VERY hard, rats for example continue to constantly grow their teeth so that when it breaks down it will regrow, also the gizzard to break down hard seeds. Cellulose (fiber) is also a problem because some things can’t break it down.

What are the challenges of eating only animals, and what kinds of adaptations occur (evolve) when organisms are strict carnivores?

Need to tear meat off bones, high risk of parasites and toxins, and there is higher risk of pathogens. 

Compare and contrast hindgut and foregut fermenters.

Hindgut fermenters have a single stomach have a cecum and some of these animals practice coprophagy. oregut has multi-chambered stomachs.

Why are hindgut fermenters more likely to practice coprophagy?

It’s full of tasty microbes (and proteins, vitamines) that will allow them to digest (wood, hight protein diets) so they only have to produce less microbes themselves. More nutrients come out while in the cecum so if it’s eaten again then they get even more.

Be able to recognize a hindgut fermenter from a foregut fermenter from a diagram of their digestive tract

Locate the cecum & appendix (if present) on the digestive tract diagram

Look at image, appendix is the little bit hanging off the cecum.