BIO 12 PPT

Genome

A full set of genetic information

Chromosome

single linear DNA molecule (humans have 46)

Chromatin

What makes up chromosomes

How dense are chromatin during/right before mitosis

Very compact

How dense are chromatin when not preparing for mitosis

Loose

Ploidy

The number of chromasomes in a genome

Diploid (2n)

Every chromosome has a matched (homologous) chromosome

Karyotype

How to view all of a species chromasomes

Haploid (1n)

The term for a cell or organism that contains half the number of chromosomes as its diploid counterpart.

Gametes

Specialized reproductive cells that are produced by organisms for sexual reproduction. They are haploid cells, meaning they contain half the number of chromosomes as regular body cells. In humans, gametes are sperm cells in males and egg cells in females.

Somatic Cells

All non reproductive cells

Bianary Fission

A reproductive process in which a single organism divides into two identical daughter cells.

Which species undergo bianary fission

Bacteria, Archaea

Mitosis

Process of cell division in which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. It involves the replication and distribution of genetic material, followed by the separation of the cell into two new cells. It is essential for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction in organisms.

Cytokinesis

Process in cell division where the cytoplasm divides, resulting in two daughter cells. Occurs after nuclear division (mitosis or meiosis).

Homologus chromosome vs sister chromatid

Sister chromatids are exact copies, homologous chromosomes are not

Mitotic Phase includes

Mitosis

Cytokinesis

Interphase includes

G1

S

G2

What happens during G1

Cells grow in size

Cell produces organelles

Cells spend their time performing their “jobs”

What happens in S

DNA is duplicated

What happens in G2

The cell prepares for mitosis

Centromere

Narrow “waist” of the chromosome where the chromatids attach

Mitotic Spindle

Structure of microtubules that controls chromosome movement

How many steps are there in mitosis

FIve

What happens in prophase

Chromosomes Condense

Centrosomes move apart

Nucleolus disappears

What happens in prometaphase

Nuclear Envelope Disintegrates

Chromosomes attach to the spindle via kinetochores

What happens in metaphase

Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate

Where is the metaphase plate

Nowhere, it is an imaginary plane

What happens in anaphase

Sister chromatids split apart

Microtubules shorten

What happens in telophase

Nuclear envelope reforms

nucleoli reform

mitotic spindle is hydrolyzed

Chromosomes loosen

What happens in animal cytoinesis

Cleavage furrow forms, pinching the cell apart

What happens in plant cytokinesis

Cell plate forms to divide the two cells

What prevents plant cells from always getting smaller and smaller

G1, the cell grows

What cells continuously divide

Epithelial cells

Some bone marrow cells

What cells divide as needed

liver cells

What cells never divide

Neurons

Myocytes

RBC’s

What controls cell division

Cell cycle control system

Which three checkpoints are the most important

G1 G2 and M

Protein Kinase

Enzyme that activates proteins

What activates a protein kinase

Adding a cyclin

What is a cyclin

A protein that cyclically fluctuates in conc

What happens if the cell does not pass the G1 checkpoint

It enteres G0

What happens in G0

the cell does it’s “job”

the cell does not replicate

What causes the M phase checkpoint to stop

When the chromosomes are not attached to spindle fibers

What is a growth factor

A protein that controls cell division via signaling

Anchorage Dependence

Cells must be attached to a substratum in order to divide

Density Dependent Inhibition

normal cells stop dividing when density is high

When do cancer cells stop dividing

Never

Benign tumor

Tumor where cells remain at the original site

Malignant Tumor

cells invade surrounding tissue and spread to other parts of the body via metastasis

Metastasis

How cancers spread to different parts of the body