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Genome
A full set of genetic information
Chromosome
single linear DNA molecule (humans have 46)
Chromatin
What makes up chromosomes
How dense are chromatin during/right before mitosis
Very compact
How dense are chromatin when not preparing for mitosis
Loose
Ploidy
The number of chromasomes in a genome
Diploid (2n)
Every chromosome has a matched (homologous) chromosome
Karyotype
How to view all of a species chromasomes
Haploid (1n)
The term for a cell or organism that contains half the number of chromosomes as its diploid counterpart.
Gametes
Specialized reproductive cells that are produced by organisms for sexual reproduction. They are haploid cells, meaning they contain half the number of chromosomes as regular body cells. In humans, gametes are sperm cells in males and egg cells in females.
Somatic Cells
All non reproductive cells
Bianary Fission
A reproductive process in which a single organism divides into two identical daughter cells.
Which species undergo bianary fission
Bacteria, Archaea
Mitosis
Process of cell division in which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. It involves the replication and distribution of genetic material, followed by the separation of the cell into two new cells. It is essential for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction in organisms.
Cytokinesis
Process in cell division where the cytoplasm divides, resulting in two daughter cells. Occurs after nuclear division (mitosis or meiosis).
Homologus chromosome vs sister chromatid
Sister chromatids are exact copies, homologous chromosomes are not
Mitotic Phase includes
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
Interphase includes
G1
S
G2
What happens during G1
Cells grow in size
Cell produces organelles
Cells spend their time performing their “jobs”
What happens in S
DNA is duplicated
What happens in G2
The cell prepares for mitosis
Centromere
Narrow “waist” of the chromosome where the chromatids attach
Mitotic Spindle
Structure of microtubules that controls chromosome movement
How many steps are there in mitosis
FIve
What happens in prophase
Chromosomes Condense
Centrosomes move apart
Nucleolus disappears
What happens in prometaphase
Nuclear Envelope Disintegrates
Chromosomes attach to the spindle via kinetochores
What happens in metaphase
Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate
Where is the metaphase plate
Nowhere, it is an imaginary plane
What happens in anaphase
Sister chromatids split apart
Microtubules shorten
What happens in telophase
Nuclear envelope reforms
nucleoli reform
mitotic spindle is hydrolyzed
Chromosomes loosen
What happens in animal cytoinesis
Cleavage furrow forms, pinching the cell apart
What happens in plant cytokinesis
Cell plate forms to divide the two cells
What prevents plant cells from always getting smaller and smaller
G1, the cell grows
What cells continuously divide
Epithelial cells
Some bone marrow cells
What cells divide as needed
liver cells
What cells never divide
Neurons
Myocytes
RBC’s
What controls cell division
Cell cycle control system
Which three checkpoints are the most important
G1 G2 and M
Protein Kinase
Enzyme that activates proteins
What activates a protein kinase
Adding a cyclin
What is a cyclin
A protein that cyclically fluctuates in conc
What happens if the cell does not pass the G1 checkpoint
It enteres G0
What happens in G0
the cell does it’s “job”
the cell does not replicate
What causes the M phase checkpoint to stop
When the chromosomes are not attached to spindle fibers
What is a growth factor
A protein that controls cell division via signaling
Anchorage Dependence
Cells must be attached to a substratum in order to divide
Density Dependent Inhibition
normal cells stop dividing when density is high
When do cancer cells stop dividing
Never
Benign tumor
Tumor where cells remain at the original site
Malignant Tumor
cells invade surrounding tissue and spread to other parts of the body via metastasis
Metastasis
How cancers spread to different parts of the body
Note 
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