BIOS Chapter 7

Chapter 7

where does glycolysis occur?

cytosol

where does acetyl-CoA synthesis occur?

matrix of mitochondrion

where does the CAC occur?

matrix of mitochondrion

where does respiratory (ET) chain occur?

inner membrane of mitochondrion

where does ATP synthesis occur?

inner membrane of mitochondrion

where does fermentation occur?

cytosol

glycolysis → pyruvate | if there is an absence of oxygen:

fermentation

glycolysis → pyruvate | if there is a presence of oxygen:

cellular respiration

byproducts of the two fermentation pathways?

lactic acid and ethanol & CO2

where does lactic acid byproduct occur?

animal cells

where does ethanol & CO2 byproduct occur?

yeast

during the prep phase in glycolysis, what goes in?

glucose, 6 carbons

what is used during the prep phase in glycolysis and what does it become?

2 ATP becomes 2 ADP

what happens in the cleavage phase of glycolysis?

glucose is cleaved into 2, 3 carbon molecules

what is produced in the payoff phase?

2 NADH and 4 ATP

what is the final product of glycolysis?

pyruvate, it has 3 carbons

how many net ATP are made during glycolysis?

2 ATP

during Acetyl-CoA Synthesis, what molecule enters this stage?

pyruvate

what waste product is given off during ACoA synthesis?

CO2

The energy in ACoA synthesis is used to make blank into blank

NAD+ into NADH

final product of ACoA synthesis?

Acetyl-CoA

in the CAC, what molecule enters and how many carbons does it have?

Acetyl CoA, and 2 carbons

what waste products are given off during CAC?

2 CO2

during the CAC, what molecules carry the energy?

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP

equation for cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

during cellular respiration, blank gets oxidized to CO2

C6H12O6

during cellular respiration, blank gets reduced to H2O

O2

when carbs are oxidized, the C-H bonds of carbs become C-O bonds of carbon dioxide. oxidization is the loss of electrons, but carbon doesn’t become positive in the process. why is this carbon oxidation?

oxygen is more electronegative, so electrons spend more time near oxygen atoms than carbon. so the carbon atom has partially lost electrons and is considered oxidized.

atp is made through substrate-level phosphorylation. in the next step (ETC and ATP synthase) ATP is made through oxidative phosphorylation. what are similarities and differences between substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation?

substrate level: a Pi is transferred from another substrate (reactant)

oxidative: the concentration gradient created by energy released in series of oxidation/reduction reaction (as electron is passed) is used to form ATP

reactions in the pathways of glycolysis and the CAC harvest energy stored in glucose by breaking it down. these pathways are:

catabolic

how many ATP molecules are produced from one glucose molecule in one cycle of lactic acid fermentation and compare to number of ATP molecules that are produced in glycolysis plus the mitochondrial stages of cellular respiration

lactic acid fermentation: 2 ATP per glucose

glycolysis : 2

cac: 2

oxidative phosphorylation : 28

total: 32 ATP per glucose

how could acetyl-CoA production lead to an increased ATP?

acetyl-CoA would enter into CAC. then lead production of one ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation, as well as 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 that would enter ETC for each acetyl-CoA (less ATP made during oxidative phosphorylation)

compare the quantity of food required by fermenting cells when compared to cells using aerobic cellular respiration?

fermentation cells need more food-derived nutrients than those using cellular respiration, since they obtain 2 molecules of ATP per glucose. cells relying on fermentation cannot utilize fat as an energy source.