RAD110 Ch18 TXTBK Review + Questions

Summary section

summary section

a drug used to relax smooth muscles and reduce peristalsis, administered IV or IM for various imaging studies of the GI tract

glucagon

esophagitis, gastritis, duodenitis, ulcers, GERD, hiatal hernias, polyps, diverticula, tumors are conditions that can be diagnosed with what type of contrast study

upper GI contrast

if a stool is black and tarry, it means that

there is blood coming from the upper GI tract

a routine upper GI series

esophagus, stomach, duodenum

mwthods for radiographic exam of the small bowel

oral and catheter

the latter method is termed

enteroclysis

IBS, ulcerative colitis, crohn disease, diverticulitis, polyps, tumor are conditions that can be diagnosed with what type of contrast study

lower gi tract

BEs on patients with colon enlargment, ostomies, and conditions may predipose them to

colon preforations

what can be administered after barium studies to prevent constipation of barium impaction resulting from hardening of the barium within the colon

cathartics

Textbook review

textbook review

when are barium studies scheduled when other studies are required

they are scheduled last

when sequencing diagnostic procedures, any ______ assessment tests must be preformed before adminstration of contrast medium because it can cause inaccurate results in _____ tests for 3 weeks

thyroid

when scheduling fasting patients, who takes priority

emergency patients, followed by pediatrics and geriatrics.

diabeteics also take priority

guide to sequencing orders for diagnostic studies 1-5

1st - all radiographic exams NOT requiring contrast

2nd- exams of the urinary tract

3rd- biliary system exams

4th - lower GI (BE)

5th- Upper GI

for inpatients, who makes sure that they are prepped for their studies

nursing staff

for out patients, who makes sure that they are prepped for their studies

radiographers ask their history

BE and lower GI studies require what type of prep

diet, catharrtics, suppositories or enemas

diet prep consists of

24 hrs before exam, PTs are restricted to clear liquids

when is NPO instituted before the barium study

8-12 hours before

a laxitive prep often prescribed to aid in cleansing the bowel

cathartic

cathartic made from various types of fiber

bulk

cathartic that includes oily substances

lubricant

cathartic that is a stool softener that lowers surface tension of feces, allowing water + fats to penetrate for ease and evacuation

emollient

catharthic with magnesium salts

saline

cathartic that acts directly to increase the motor activity of the intestinal tract

stimulant

a common side effect of cathartics that causes invountary msucle contractions

spasms

solid medication administered rectally

suppositories

liquid medicaiton administered rectally

cleansing enemas

an inert inorganic salt of the chemical element barium and in the clinical siutation is commonly refered to as barium

barium sulfate

the powder form of barium is mixed with

water to form a suspension

the liquid form of barium is mixed with

water if it needs to be diluted or can be used as is

the paste form of barium is used for

swallow studies

disposable kits with tubing, plastic bag with graduated markings, and rectal catheter

barium enema bags

to decrease the risk of barium solidifying the the patients intestines, they are recommended to increase

fluid intake and bulk/fiber

water soluble iodinated solutions like gastrografin, hypaque sodium oral are used for

contrast studies of GI tract if the PT cant be given barium

when is iodinated media used instead of contrast

preforation is suspected

barium extravasation

neonatal

impending abdominal surgery

the risks of using iodinated media

dehydration

complications from aspiration

true or false, iodinated media cant be used for esophageal studies when fistulas are suspected

true

what provides positive contrast

barium and iodine

what makes negative contrast

air and gases

drug used to treat hypoglycemia AND causes smooth muscles of the GI tract to realx which is a useful effect as a diagnostic aid in exams of the tract

glucagon

for routine upper GI studies, the patient is advised to do what with their diet 8-12 hours before the study

NPO

double contrast studies of the upper GI provides better visualization of the

musosal lining

is the patient given the barium before the gas product for double contrast upper gi studies?

no, the PT is given the gas substance before drinking the barium

the 2 basic methods of introducting contrast into the small bowel

oral and enteroclysis/SI enema

the more common method of intrducting contrast to the small bowel is the

oral method

after the paitnet drinks the contrast for the small bowel series, when is the first image taken

15 minutes after ingestion

radigraphs are taken ever __ to ___ minutes after the ingestion of barium for the small bowel series

15 to 30

small bowel follow through is complete when the ____ is visualized in the RLQ

cecum (ileocecal valve)

the injection of nutrient or medicinal liquid into the small bowel

enteroclysis

how does enterclysis work

a catehter is inserted through the mouth and down into the distal duodenum and barium is injected

what type of prep is needed for enterclysis small bowel series

cleasning of both the intestines (diet + cathartics)

a barium enema is used for the

large intestine / colon

if there is red color in the stool then that means there is blood in the

large intestine

the presence of diverticula in the colon

diverticulosis

true or false, a postevacuation radiograph is obtained for a routine BE

true and you help the patient evacuate

a painful, localized collection of pus that can occur as a result of infection

Abscess

also called Hirschsprung disease; the absence at birth of autonomic ganglia in the smooth muscle wall of the colon, which causes poor or absent peristalsis in the involved segment of the colon, accumulation of feces, and dilation of the bowel

Congenital megacolon

an autoimmune disease that causes damaging inflammation, most commonly in the colon, but may affect the entire GI system

Crohn's disease

inflammation of one or more diverticula. The collection of fecal matter in the thin-walled diverticula causes inflammation and abscess formation in the tissues surrounding the colon.

Diverticulitis

the presence of a pouchlike herniation through the muscular layer of the colon

Diverticulosis

a pouch-like herniation through the muscular wall of a tubular organ. A diverticulum may be present in the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine, but occurs most commonly in the colon.

Diverticulum

an abnormal passage from an internal organ to the body surface or between 2 internal organs, often the result of infection

fistula

a type of esophagitis that occurs when stomach contents breach the esophageal sphincter, bringing stomach acid into contact with the more delicate mucosa of the esophagus

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

a varicosity in the lower rectum or anus caused by congestion in the veins of the hemorrhoidal plexus

Hemorrhoids

tending to absorb moisture

Hygroscopic

an abnormal increase in the amount of intravascular fluid, particularly in the volume of circulating blood or its components; same as fluid overload

Hypervolemia

chronic irritation and inflammation of the colon, causing bouts of diarrhea, cramping, and gas without physician changes in the bowel tissue

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

inflammation and ulcerations of the mucosa of the colon

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

any one of four major kinds of thin sheets of tissue that cover or line various parts of the body. Mucous membrane lines cavities or canals of the body that open to the outside

mucosa

an abnormal growth of tissue that can be found in any organ that has blood vessels, but occurs most commonly in mucous membranes, especially in the colon

Polyp

an involuntary contraction of the muscle that forms the pyloric sphincter at the outlet of the stomach, as occurs in pyloric stenosis

Pylorospasm

narrowing of the lumen of a tubular structure, such as a blood vessel or a portion of the GI tract

Stricture

a forced expiratory effort against a closed airway, such as when an individual holds the breath and tightens the muscles in a concerted, strenuous effort to move a heavy object

Valsalva maneuver

the ability or inability of a fluid solution to flow easily

Viscosity

preparation for an upper GI series usually involves:

a. cathartics

b. suppositories

c. enemas

d. NPO for 8 hours

d. NPO for 8 hours

a position that assists the gravity flow of braium from the stomach is:

a. supine

b. prone

c. right anterior oblique

d. left posterior oblique

c. right posterior oblique

a foley catheter would be useful in preforming which of the following exams

a. double contrast BE preformed through the rectum

b. BE preforned through a colostomy

c. enterclysis

d. double-contrast upper GI series

b. BE preforned through a colostomy