US HISTORY B EXAM REVIEW

white collar jobs

jobs that do not involve manual labor -- many people moved to these types of jobs in the 1950s.

Conformity

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard -- how many people acted in the 1950s

Beatniks

a young person in the 1950s and early 1960s belonging to a subculture associated with the beat generation.

Levittowns

Planned suburban communities of cheap, mass-produced houses built by WIlliam Levitt all over the country during the 1950's.

Interstate Highway Act

1956 law that authorized the spending of $32 billion to build 41,000 miles of highway

Rock and Roll Music

A musical style derided as alarming, overly sexualized, and provocative in the 1950s. Elvis Presley was the most popular musician of this genre.

Checkers Speech (1952)

Given by Richard Nixon when he was the Republican candidate for the Vice Presidency. Said to have saved his career from a campaign contributions scandal.

Happy Housewife

The role women were expected to play in the family structure - stay-at-home mom responsible for cooking, cleaning, and raising the children.

Elvis Presley

Most famous musician of the 1950s -- he helped make Rock & Roll music the popular music of the younger generations. Older generations did not like his music, or the way he danced.

Desegregation of the Military

1948 - Truman's greatest Civil Rights Achievement. The Korean War was the first war fought with an integrated military.

The Baby Boom

the larger than expected generation in United States born shortly after World War II

Religious Revival in the 1950s

Many Americans feared "godless Communism."

"Under God" was added to the Pledge of Allegiance (1954).

"In God We Trust" was added to money (1955).

Televangelists broadcast sermons on television, such as Billy Graham.

Detente

relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major Communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China

Narrowly won

In the 1968 election, Nixon _ against his opponents.

Poverty, rejection

President Nixon's upbringing composed of leading him with a strong desire to succeed.

Yom Kippur War (1973)

After Egypt and Syria attacked Israel, the Israeli military defeated the Arab armies. U.S. support

of Israel led to an Arab boycott of oil to the United States.

FDR

No US President had been to the Soviet Union since ____ at the end of World War II.

Ping Pong Diplomacy

US and China exchange ping-pong players, 1971, US ping-pong team was invited to all expense paid exhibition trip to China to compete, normally Americans weren't allowed into China because of Communism, leads to Nixon and Mao Zedong becoming friends

SALT I Treaty

a five-year agreement between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, signed in 1972, that limited the nations' numbers of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched missiles.

Order for it to be covered up.

Nixon didn't officially plan the Watergate break-in, but he did…

Losing elections

What was Nixon's greatest insecurity/fear?

CREEP

Richard Nixon's committee for re-electing the president. Found to have been engaged in a "dirty tricks" campaign against the democrats in 1972. They raised tens of millions of dollars in campaign funds using unethical means. They were involved in the infamous Watergate cover-up.

The Plumbers

people whose job it was to stop leaks of what Nixon was trying to achieve from being let out of the White House and to get Nixon re-elected in 1972.

Photograph secret documents and place recorders on office phones.

Why did CREEP members break into the Watergate hotel?

Archibald Cox

The Special Prosecutor that was hired to investigate the Watergate Scandal; Nixon had him fired.

Stagflation

a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation); Nixon faced this in office.

Spiro Agnew

Nixon's vice-president resigned and pleaded "no contest" to charges of tax evasion on payments made to him when he was governor of Maryland. He was replaced by Gerald R. Ford.

25

of people who served time in prison for Watergate.

Southern Strategy

Nixon's plan to persuade conservative southern white voters away from the Democratic party by halting desegregation in the South.

Impeach

To formally charge a public official with misconduct in office

Pardoned Nixon

Gerald Ford's response to Nixon's crime:

Grand Rapids, MI

Where was Gerald Ford from?

Gerald Ford

1974-1977, Republican, first non elected president and VP, he pardoned Nixon

executive privilege and compromised national security

Nixon refused to release the Watergate tapes because he claimed…

No…

Did Ford's economic policy of "WIN" work?

Woodward and Bernstein

the two reporters who dug deeper into the Watergate break-in and uncovered the real scandal

Saturday Night Massacre

A name given to the resignation of the U.S. attorney general and the firing of his deputy in October 1973, after they refused to carry out President Nixon's order to fire the special prosecutor investigating the Watergate affair

A Washington Outsider

Jimmy Carter because he was originally a Peanut Farmer and a person hardly involved in Politics before.

Energy Crisis of the 1970s

this was an issue that Carter needed to confront. He established the national energy act, and told people to conserve energy. Violence in the middle east created fuel shortages. Carter failed to fix the issue which caused stagflation and Reagan later entered office

Olympic Boycott, 1980

The U.S. withdrew from the competition held in Moscow to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. The Soviet Union had sent troops into neighboring Afghanistan to support its communist government against guerrilla attacks by fundamentalists Muslims. About 64 other nations withdrew for this and other reasons.

Iran Hostage Crisis

In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage. The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages release. On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity.

Camp David Accords (1978)

The meeting between Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, Israeli Prime Minister Begin, and the US President Jimmy Carter. They agreed that Egypt would never again invade Israel if Israel turned over the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt

Whip Inflation Now (WIN)

a program by the Ford administration to curb inflation and dramatic price increases by putting pressure on businesses to lower prices and deter consumers from hoarding goods

Jimmy Carter (1977-1981)

Party: Democrat

Major Events: Camp David Accords; Iran Hostage Crisis

Crisis of Confidence Speech

Speech given by President Carter on July 15, 1979, saying that the U.S. had lost unity of purpose and to become a more energy secure nation.

Malaise Speech

On July 15, 1979, Carter gave this nationally-televised address in which he identified what he believed to be a "crisis of confidence" among the American people.

bicentennial

200th anniversary of our nation's birth/Declaration of Independence

rationed

Gas was often ____ in the 1970s due to massive shortages; def: Limited by law to a certain amount per household

Ronald Reagan

Defeated Jimmy Carter in the 1980 election

Dove

Americans who opposed the Vietnam War.

Tet Offensive

a massive surprise attack by the Vietcong on South Vietnamese towns and cities in early 1968.

58,000

number of U.S. troops killed in Vietnam

Hawk

Americans who supported the Vietnam War.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam

Geneva Accords

A 1954 peace agreement that divided Vietnam into Communist-controlled North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam until unification elections could be held in 1956

saturation bombing

The dropping of a large concentration of bombs over a certain area; one reason we did this was to destroy supply roads and bridges.

Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Japan

Which country controlled Vietnam during WWII?

college deferment

A person could put off military service if they attended college; this caused Americans to question the fairness of the draft.

escalation

policy of increasing military involvement in Vietnam

Saigon

Capital of South Vietnam where the US carried a last-minute evacuation before the city fell to the Communists in April 1975

conscientious objector

Person who refuses to enter the military or bear arms due to moral or religious reasons

War of Attrition

A war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses

Ho Chi Minh Trail

A network of paths used by North Vietnam to transport supplies to the Vietcong in South Vietnam

Johnson

Which president was scared to be the first POTUS to lose a war?

My Lai Massacre

1968, in which American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of My Lai, also led to more opposition to the war.

Tet Offensive (1968)

A military victory but public relations disaster for U.S.

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixon's strategy for ending U.S involvement in the Vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawal of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

1975

When did the Vietnam war end?

Richard Nixon

won the 1968 presidential election

1965-1973

When did the US fight in the Vietnam War?

Robert McNamara

The US Secretary of Defense during the battles in Vietnam. He was the architect for the Vietnam war and promptly resigned after the US lost

Television

Brought the brutality of the Vietnam War into American living rooms.

Prevent a Communist takeover

What was President Johnson's objective in Vietnam?

Cambodia

in 1970, Nixon widened the Vietnam War by moving troops into this country to try and remove enemy camps.

The Silent Majority

A phrase used to describe people, whatever their economic status, who uphold traditional values, especially against the counterculture of the 1960s

Split

The Democratic Party was _ in 1968 between Humphrey and Kennedy.

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of North Vietnam; led Vietnam against the French in the 1950s

Kent State Massacre (OH)

Tensions between students who opposed the war and National Guardsmen resulted in four deaths at the .

Agent Orange

a herbicide used in the Vietnam War to defoliate forest areas

Vietcong

A group of Communist guerrillas who, with the help of North Vietnam, fought against the South Vietnamese government in the Vietnam War.

Tunnel Systems

Vietcong had the advantage of elaborate _ to protect them from airstrikes.

Stalemate

What was the status of the Vietnam War by the end of Johnson's presidency in 1968?

The New Left

new student political movement of the late 1960s that called for radical changes to fight poverty and racism

a flood of refugees from Southeast Asia

What was one legacy of the Vietnam War?

JFK

Which president gave the South Vietnamese military leaders permission to overthrow Diem ?

Khmer Rouge

A group of Communist rebels who seized power in Cambodia in 1975.

Vietnam Memorial Wall

Built to honor the troops lost in Vietnam. Finished in 1982.

1970

When did US invade Cambodia?

Generation Gap

lack of understanding and communication between older and younger members of society

JFK

Who won the 1960 election by a very slim margin?

Young, energetic, idealistic image

Why were the Kennedys referred to as the "Camelot"?