Battles + Conflicts on USH1 Final

Spanish Cession

Spanish Cession

• 1848; Texas was independent now, but there were disputes over the border between Mexico and Texas

  • Texicans said Rio Grande was the border, Mexico said it was a river that was higher North.

  • Mexico wanted Rio Grande for trade purposes

  • They go to war (Mexican-American War) over this

• During this war, US is able to help since Texas is now independent

  • US wins; War ended by Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

  • US gets more land from Mexico (Mexico ceded 55% of its territory)

  • Rio Grande becomes Texas’s border

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

• Mexican-American War

  • 1848; Texas was independent nation, but there were disputes over the border between Mexico and Texas

    • Texicans said Rio Grande was the border, Mexico said it was a river that was higher North.

    • Mexico wanted Rio Grande for trade purposes

  • They go to war (Mexican-American War) over this

    • During this war, US is able to help since Texas is now independent

  • US wins; War ended by Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

    • US gets more land from Mexico (Mexico ceded 55% of its territory)

      • present-day California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, most of Arizona and Colorado, and parts of Kansas, Wyoming, and Oklahoma 

    • Rio Grande becomes Texas’s border

Manifest Destiny

• Americans felt it was their Manifest (obvious) destiny to take over all of America (expand westward)

  • Coined by John Sullivan

Trail of Tears

• Natives did not receive promised care, and many died on the journey

  • Trail of Tears

  • When they were relocated, they didn’t know how to farm the unfamiliar land

Bleeding Kansas

• Occurred due to Kansas-Nebraska Act

• People flooded to Kansas to try and sway the vote

  • Led to a lot of scuffles, creating Bleeding Kansas

• John Brown killed pro-slavers

Emancipation Proclamation

• Declared that all slaves in states that were rebelling were now considered free

  • Lincoln viewed this as a gentle invite to the Confederation to rejoin the Union (states not in rebellion kept their slaves)

  • Confederation felt it was an attack

• Happened after Battle of Antietam

  • The victory needed forLincoln to take the step to make the war about slavery

  • Then the South lost their ally, England (didn’t like slavery)

  • Slaves not freed by Emancipation Proclamation, freed by 13th amendment (ON THE TEST)

Sectional DIfferences

• Sectional Differences existed due to differences in geography between the North and South

  • Geography dictated what you did for a living (on test)

• National Banks

  • North: supported

    • business men placed large investments in Bank

      • Back in olden days Hamilton made it so entrepreneurs could get cheap interest rates, and so those entrepreneurs became rich and reinvested their money into the banks, giving banks and rich people more power 

    • large measure of control over Bank and subsequently government

  • South: opposed

    • did not want National Bank

    • felt State Banks could provide cheaper loans

    • believed North (Northeast) had too much control over Bank and government

• Tariffs

  • North: supported

    • The tariffs made it so foreign goods were more expensive, which encouraged Americans to buy from Northern manufacturer

  • South: Opposed

    • Since foreign manufacturer were selling less, they needed less cotton, tanking Southern cotton sales

    • Cotton prices were lowered, and then Northern manufacturers bought the cotton at depressed prices

• Transportation

  • North: supported

    • Allowed workers to migrate into industrial Northern cities

    • stimulate economic growth and population growth → states with growing populations could gain more seats in House of Representatives

    • centralized: could easily travel from one state to another via railroad

  • South: opposed 

    • Less centralized railroad

      • railroads had different-sized bearings across states

        • had to unload and reload goods when crossing state lines

    • wanted more railroads

      • Their tax dollars were going to Northern railroads

• Immigration

  • North: supported

    • More immigrants = more people who could work in factories

    • Also meant higher population which meant more seats in House of Representatives

  • South: opposed

    • More immigrants mean North was empowered in government

      • Immigrants tended to go North since it was easier to get a job there (South used unpaid slaves)

• Admission of new western states to union

  • North: supported

    • Western states tended to agree with North

  • South: opposed

    • Western states tended to agree with North (less power for South in federal government)

• Slavery 

  • North: opposed

    • To them it was morally wrong (but also they used it as a political tool)

    • More slaves = more power for South

  • South: supported

    • Their economy depended on slaves since they worked their plantations

    • If slaves were freed, job market would suddenly have a lot of competition, which South did not want

Harpers Ferry

• John Brown led a band of abolitionists and slaves to attack a federal armory at Harper's Ferry

  • Didn’t have enough people so he failed and got arrested

  • John Brown arrested for treason, put on trial, and hanged

• Significant because it made the South feel unsafe

  • They were slave states in a country run by slavery opposers

  • Many southern states wanted to leave after Harpers Ferry, but waited until Lincoln was elected

    • Then SC had enough, secedes and forms Confederacy

Significance of the Battle of Gettysburg + Chancellorsville

• Gettysburg:

  • The turning point of the War which made it clear the North would win. 50,000 total people died and the South lost its chance to invade the North, securing a Union victory.

  • Location: Gettysburg, Pennsylvania

  • Date: July 1–3, 1863

  • Generals

    • North: Meade

    • South: Lee, Pickett

  • Objective: Lee wanted to invade North

  • Outcome: Union victory

    • Turning point of Civil War

    • After Chancellorsville, Lee led troops to Shenandoah Valley to begin invasion of north

    • Confederacy stopped for shoes (their shoes were breaking) → shoe factory

    • Union intercepted Confederacy at Gettysburg → 3-day battle

    • The South suffered a massive loss and had to retreat all the way back to Virginia

    • Bloodiest Civil War battle

• Chancellorsville:

  • Location: Spotsylvania County, Virginia

  • Date: April 30 – May 6, 1863

  • Generals

    • North: Hooker

    • South: Lee

  • Objective: Union wants to take Richmond, VA

  • Outcome: Confederate victory (Lee’s “perfect” battle)

    • Stonewall Jackson dies

    • South stops North from advancing south

Northern Advantages/Disadvantages During Civil War

• position: offensive

• # of states: 23

• leaders:

  • Abraham Lincoln (president)

  • Ulysses S. Grant

  • William Tecumseh Sherman 

  • George B. McClellan

  • George Meade

  • Already had army + navy

  • War Democrats Vs Peace Democrats

• captial: Washington DC

  • More exposed to Confederacy

• economy:

  • Industrial/factories

  • North controlled National Treasury

  • Money from tariffs + state taxes

• wealth:

  • self sufficient

  • diverse industry (lumberers, fisherman, merchants)

  • currency

• credit:

  • had good credit

  • more bank deposits here

• supplies:

  • manufactured their own weapons

  • had more food and fresher food

• population: 22 million

• transportation

  • railroads going west; more railroads than South

• communication: telegraph (had more than the South)

• military

  • Strong navy

  • Pre-existing military infrasture

  • had cheap guns

  • could easily replace armies

  • had state militias

• harbors

  • Boston, NYC (also had a lot of natural harbors, such as Philidelphia, Baltimore, etc.)

• allies: Some UK Countries

Southern Advantages/Disadvantages During Civil War

• position: defensive

• # of states: 11

• leaders: Jefferson Davis (President), Robert E Lee, Thomas Jackson (Stonewall Jackson)

  • weak government

  • had better leaders

• captial: Montgomery → Richmond (in deep South and surrounded by South)

• economy:

  • plantations (agriculture)

    • had 9000% inflation

• wealth:

  • from plantations

    • started new currency (confederate dollars)

• credit:

  • bad; no credit

  • no loans

• supplies:

  • lived off the land

  • inedible produce (cotton, tobacco, indigo)

  • dependent on imports

  • hunted (was good training for marksmen)

• population: 9 million + 4 million slaves (13 mil total)

• transportation

  • bad railroads (each state had their own railroad, so at each state border the cargo had to be unloaded and reloaded onto a different train)

• communication: telegraph

• military

  • 7 out of 8 military colleges were in the South

  • weaker navy

  • better military leaders

  • political leader was in military

• harbors

  • Virginia → Charleston, New Polk; Savannah, Georgia; New Orleans, Louisiana; Gavlenston, Texas; Willmington, North Carolina

• allies: UK (stopped support after Emancipation Proclamation because South’s Pro-Slavery Sentiment Exposed, and England is anti-slavery), France

Grant’s Strategy to Defeat the South

• Advance along the entire front

• Destroy enemy's main forces- not occupy "strategic points"

• Combine the destruction of Southern armies with destruction of Southern resources (battle of attrition)

• Union’s Strategy

  • Take Mississippi River

  • Cut South apart (Mississippi to shoreline)

  • Surround the southern capital (Richmond, VA)

  • Blockade Southern ports  (Anaconda Plan)

Sherman’s March to the Sea

During the civil war, a devastating total war military campaign, led by union general William Tecumseh Sherman, involved marching 60,000 union troops through Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah and destroying everything along the way.

Antietam + Emancipation Proclamation

• Location: Sharpsburg/Washington County, Maryland

• Time: September 17, 1862

• General

  • North: George B. McCellan

  • South: Robert E. Lee

• Objective:

  • North: halt the invasion; gain a military success so Lincoln can issue preliminary Emancipation Proclamation 

  • South: invade Maryland and capture Washington, DC; move focus of battle from South to North

• Outcome: Draw

  • Lincoln issued the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on Sept 22

  • McClellan fails to pursue Lee on his retreat South, making Lincoln lose faith in him; Lincoln assigns Burnside commander of the army

Bull Run

• 1st Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas)

• Location: Fairfax County, VA

• Time/Date: July 21, 1861

• Generals

  • North: General Irvin McDowell

  • South: General PGT Beauregard, Stonewall Jackson

• Objective: 

  • North: quick campaign to prevent the Confederate Congress from convening in Richmond

  • South: wanted to block the Union army advance on the Confederate capital by defending the railroad junction at Manassas

• Outcome: Confederate victory

  • General McDowell got replaced by Maj due to this loss

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Attitudes Toward Native Americans and Western Settlement

• American ideas conflicted with native's ideas

  • Considered the Natives barbaric and uncivilized

• Americans would force Indians to leave

  • Forced assimilation + displacement + genocide

  • Trail of tears: forced Native tribes to move west of Mississippi River

Carlisle School and Assimilation

• Boarding school to assimilate Indians into American society

  • “Kill the Indian, save the man” 

  • Gave students new names, clothes, and hairstyles, and forced them to attend churches 

  • Very oppressive and abusive  stuff 

    • Wants Indians to forget their original heritage

Sand Creek Massacre

• Fight between the Arapaho + Cheyenne Tribe and Colorado volunteers

  • Colorado people were searching for gold until they found the natives

  • Natives then raided their wagon trains

  • Governor persuaded natives to surrender at Fort Lyon

    • However, John Chivington attacked the camp (69 - 600 dead)

Battle of Little Bighorn

• The treaty said that Natives couldn’t hunt on open plains

• Lakota did so anyway at the Bighorn Mountains

  • Caused George A Custer and the 7th Cavalry to attack

    • Were outnumbered and all were killed

Wounded Knee Massacre

• Revenge for Americans (Little Bighorn)

• Lakota performed ghost dance 

  • Ritual that celebrated the day of reckoning when settlers would disappear

    • Banned by the government (might lead to violence)

• Americans went in and killed 200 Lakota people

  • Some soldiers received medals of honor

Settlement of Utah

Settled for religious reasons (religious freedom) by the Mormons

End of Long Drive + Open Range Grazing

• Barbed wire and windmills brought about the closing of the once open range, ended the great trail driving era, and allowed ranchers to improve their land

  • Barbed wire stopped damage from cattle driving

• prices decreased dramatically + ranchers went bankrupt

• harsh winters lead to deaths of many cattle

HayMarket Square Riot

• Planned by Knights of Labor in Chicago (protested police brutality) 

• Union leaders got in a scuffle with the police

  • A bomb was thrown in, and the Union was held responsible (two of the accused members weren’t even there)

• Knights of Labor got disbanded, and public had a heavy distaste for Unions (especially since most were made of immigrants)

Coal Miners Strike

• Mining was extremely dangerous (shafts break, miners lung/back/tuberculosis, poisonous gas, darkness led to vision issues)

• Poor pay, poor conditions, and child labor prominent

• Coal miners went on strike

  • Wanted pay increase

• Mine owners said no, and made shovels bigger so the miners would get more coal with the same low pay

• Roosevelet tried to let the miners + mine owners negotiate, but failed

  • So he sent army to force mine owners to make change

  • 10% wage increase, 9 hour workday

Homestead Lockout (Homestead Steel Strike)

• Workers in Carnegie’s Steel Mill disliked the horrible conditions

  • Henry Frick was in charge after Carnegie went to Scotland and built a castle

  • Carnegie told Henry Frick to fire dissatisfied workers since there were other workers that would do the job

• Henry Frick fired workers and did nothing to improve conditions

  • A worker ended up getting burned alive by molten steel, which led to the formation of a Union

• The workers went on strike, Frick locked them out of factory and fences off the plant

  • The Pinkertons (police detective agency) hired and entered factory and a battle ensued

  • Pinkertons lost (many were killed), and later all the workers were fired

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

• A match came into contact with cloth and set it on fire

• A lot of people died due to the fire

  • Doors were locked to keep workers in, so many died jumping out of windows as well

Election of 1912

• Election between Taft (conservative republican), Roosevelt (Progressive Republican), and Woodrow Wilson (Progressive democrat)

  • Roosevelt didn’t like how Taft was running things and challenged him for the Republican nomination 

  • Taft won the Republican nomination so Roosevelt formed his own party and entered election with nomination

• Roosevelt and Taft ended up splitting the Republican votes, and Wilson (democrat) won

Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

• Ballinger was Secretary of Interior + supported by Taft, not to be confused with Colleen Ballinger

• Pinchot was Chief of Forestry + supported by Roosevelt

• Ballinger opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska against Roosevelt's conservation policies

  • Pinchot demanded that Taft dismiss Ballinger

  • Ballinger was accused of supporting private trusts to help them gain illegal access to mines, water sources, and other natural resources 

• Ballinger was exonerated, but the damage was already done

• Led to split of Republican Party