ANFS475 Exam 4 - Final, Veterinary Biochem Exam 4

The number of high energy phosphate bonds required for ubiquitin attachment to a condemned protein is _______________

a) Zero

b) One

c) Two

d) Four

Two

In the process of transamination that transfers an amino group from an amino acid to aspartate, _______________ is recycled.

a) Alpha-ketoglutarate

b) Glutamate

c) Aspartate

d) Oxaloacetate

Alpha-ketoglutarate

The urea cycle uses a total of _______________ high energy phosphate bonds.

a) Zero

b) One

c) Two

d) Four

Four

If an individual has deficient tyrosine levels, the production of _______________ will be negatively impacted.

a) L-DOPA

b) Dopamine

c) Norepinephrine

d) Epinephrine

e) All of the options

All of the above: L-DOPA, Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Epinephrine

_______________ is the primary fuel for the brain.

a) Glucose

b) Galactose

c) Pyruvate

d) Oxaloacetate

Glucose

Glut2 and Glut4 primarily allow transport of _______________.

a) Glucose

b) Galactose

c) Pyruvate

d) Oxaloacetate

Glucose

If bicarbonate (HCO3-) levels are lower than normal, production of _______________ is affected.

a) Purines

b) Pyrimidines

c) Both purines and pyrimidines

d) Neither purines or pyrimidines

Both purines and pyrimidines

Purines include _______________.

a) Adenine & Guanine

b) Cytosine & Uracil

c) Cytosine & Thymine

d) Thymine & Uracil

Adenine & Guanine

If quinone is blocked from undergoing oxidation-reduction cycling, production of _______________ is affected.

a) Purines

b) Pyrimidines

c) Both purines and pyrimidines

d) Neither purines or pyrimidines

Pyrimidines

Uric acid is broken down to _______________.

a) Urea

b) Ammonium (NH4+)

c) Allantoin

d) All the options

All of the above: Urea, Ammonium (NH4+), and Allantoin

If an individual has deficient ascorbate (Vitamin C) levels, the production of _______________ will be negatively impacted.

a) L-DOPA

b) Dopamine

c) Norepinephrine

d) Epinephrine

e) Both norepinephrine and epinephrine

Both norepinephrine and epinephrine

An example of an essential amino acid is _______________.

a) Glutamate

b) Glutamine

c) Threonine

d) Tyrosine

Threonine

If asparagine and aspartate are deficient, production of _______________ is negatively affected in the TCA cycle.

a) Oxaloacetate

b) Citrate

c) Fumarate

d) Both oxaloacetate and citrate

Both oxaloacetate and citrate

If aspartate, phenylalanine, and tyrosine are deficient, production of _______________ is enhanced in the TCA cycle.

a) Oxaloacetate

b) Succinyl-CoA

c) Fumarate

d) Both oxaloacetate and fumarate

Succinyl-CoA

In the fasted state, hormones secreted by the pancreas affect the _______________.

a) Adipose tissue

b) Muscle

c) Liver

d) Both adipose tissue and liver

e) All the listed organs

Both adipose tissue and liver

If you are hungry, your body secretes _______________.

a) Neuropeptide Y

b) Ghrelin

c) PYY3-36

d) Both neuropeptide Y and ghrelin

Both neuropeptide Y and ghrelin

How many ATP are required for production of IMP from R5P?

a) Two

b) Four

c) Six

d) Eight

Six

How many ATP are required for production of UMP from Glutamine?

a) Two

b) Four

c) Six

d) Eight

Two

If PRPP levels are lower than normal, production of _______________ is affected.

a) Purines

b) Pyrimidines

c) Both purines and pyrimidines

d) Neither purines or pyrimidines

Both purines and pyrimidines

Pyrimidine is broken down to _______________.

a) Acetyl-CoA

b) Malonyl-CoA

c) Uric acid

d) Urea

Malonyl-CoA

What are the 9 essential amino acids?

The 9 essential amino acids are: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine

What animal species can remove free nitrogen as ammonia (toxic) using a lot of water and very little energy?

Fish

What animal species can remove free nitrogen as urea (moderately toxic) using some water and a moderate amount of energy?

Mammals

What animal species can remove free nitrogen as uric acid using very little water, but a lot of energy? (highly toxic)

Birds, reptiles

What amino acids break down into pyruvate?

Alanine, cysteine, glycine, serine, and threonine

What amino acids break down into oxaloacetate?

Asparagine and aspartate

How is alpha-Ketoglutarate produced?

By the degradation of arginine, glutamate, histidine, and proline

What amino acids are converted into Succinyl-CoA?

Isoleucine, methionine, threonine, and valine

7 amino acid degradation products in the Citric Acid Cycle

Pyruvate, Acetyl-CoA, Alpha-Ketoglutarate, Succinyl-CoA, Fumarate, Oxaloacetate, and Glucose

Norepinephrine leads to the production of UCP ____, which is the uncoupling protein involved in the electron transport chain and oxidative phsophorylation.

1

In the Nitrogenase-Catalyzed N2 Reduction cycle, how many ATP are produced in each cycle, and collectively?

2, 16 total (meaning there are 8 cycles between Ferrexoin and Fe-Protein)

For every 2 ammonia that are fixed, _____ ATP are utilized, making this a high energy process.

16

Glucokinase is regulated by ________ while Hexokinase is not.

Insulin

Glucokinase is only accessible to cells in the ___________ and __________. Hexokinase is available to all other cells.

Pancreas, liver

Glucokinase has a _______ binding capacity and can respond _______ than Hexokinase, but is _______ efficient.

higher binding capacity, responds quicker, less efficient

Proteins involved in response to physiological activity typically have _______ halflives than enzymes involved in structural roles.

a) Longer

b) Shorter

c) Similar

d) Changes based on the individual

Shorter

Half-life as a general rule: Structural proteins > Proteins involved in normal physiological processes >Proteins involved in immediate responses like fight or flight.

Degradation of proteins _______________ ATP.

a) Requires

b) Does not require

c) Generates

d) Depends on the protein

Requires

Amino acid catabolism produces _______________ and _______________ as immediate products.

a) NH3, CO2

b) NH3, Glucose

c) NH3, Carbon skeleton

d) NH3, Urea

NH3 and Carbon skeleton

Atmospheric N2 is converted to N-containing biomolecules via _______________.

a) Nitrite

b) Nitrate

c) Ammonia

d) The process of denitrification

Ammonia

Pyruvate can be produced from the following biomolecules:

a) Amino acids

b) Carbohydrates

c) Fatty acids

d) Both amino acids and carbohydrates

Both amino acids and carbohydrates

ATP is stored in the following form:

a) GTP

b) Phosphocreatine

c) Glucose

d) Fatty acids

Phosphocreatine

Cats cannot metabolize carbohydrates well because they lack _______________.

a) Insulin

b) Hexokinase

c) Glucokinase

d) Both hexokinase and glucokinase

Glucokinase

The movement of lactate between the liver and muscle is referred as _______________.

a) Urea cycle

b) AMPK cycle

c) Glucose-Alanine cycle

d) Cori cycle

Cori Cycle

If glycine levels are lower than normal, production of _______________ is affected.

a) Purines

b) Pyrimidines

c) Both purines and pyrimidines

d) Neither purines or pyrimidines

Purines

The following molecules provide feedback inhibition for pyrimidine biosynthesis in E. coli.

a) UDP

b) UTP

c) CTP

d) Both CTP and UTP

CTP

Lipid digestion, absorption, and transport uses lipoproteins. The first lipoprotein type to

be employed is _______________.

a) HDL

b) Chylomicrons

c) VLDL

d) LDL

Chylomicrons

Lipids are stored predominantly in which type of cells?

a) HDL

b) Chylomicrons

c) Adipose cells

d) Muscle cells

Adipose Cells

During lipid digestion, lipids are acted upon by bile acids which allows for their

breakdown by lipases. Which organ produces bile acids?

a) Stomach

b) Gallbladder

c) Small Intestine

d) Liver

Liver-produces bile acids;

the gallbladder stores them

Triacylglycerols are broken down by lipases, and the products are absorbed by the

_______________.

a) Stomach

b) Gallbladder

c) Intestine

d) Liver

Intestine

______________ carries acyl groups across the mitochondrial membrane.

a) ATP

b) NADH

c) FADH2

d) Carnitine

Carnitine

FAD utilized for beta-oxidation of fatty acyl-CoA is replenished through

_______________.

a) Ketogenesis

b) CAC

c) ETC

d) Oxidative Phosphorylation

ETC

Beta-oxidation of fatty acyl-CoA occurs in _______________.

a) Cytosol

b) Peroxisome

c) Glyoxysome

d) Mitochondria

Mitochondria

Fatty acid biosynthesis occurs in _______________.

a) Cytosol

b) Peroxisome

c) Glyoxysome

d) Mitochondria

Cytosol

Each round of mitochondrial beta-oxidation produces _______________.

a) Acetyl-CoA

b) NADH

c) FADH2

d) All of the above

All of the above: Acetyl CoA, NADH, FADH2

The following is an example of ketone bodies

a) Acetone

b) Acetoacetate

c) Malonate

d) Both a) and b)

both Acetone and Acetoacetate

The immediate precursor to cholesterol biosynthesis is _______________.

a) Ketone bodies

b) Triacylglycerols

c) Fatty acids

d) Acetyl-CoA

Acetyl-CoA

Fatty acid synthesis begins with the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to generate

_______________.

a) Acetyl-CoA

b) Malonyl-CoA

c) HMG-CoA reductase

d) Succinate

Malonyl-CoA

Cholesterol synthesis is regulated by the activity and amount of

_______________.

a) Acetyl-CoA

b) Malonyl-CoA

c) HMG-CoA reductase

d) Succinate

HMG-CoA reductase

The LDL receptor keeps circulating cholesterol _______________.

a) Constant

b) Low

c) High

d) Has no effect

Low

Lipases break down ______ and are produced by the __________.

fat molecules broken down

pancreas produces lipases

Chylomicron

a lipoprotein produced in the mucosal cell of the intestine; transports Triacylglycerides out of the intestines and into the lymphatic vessels

Triacylglycerides

3 Carbon chain with oxygen attached to each, and 3 lipids. Broken down by bile, a soap-like hydrophobic & hydrophilic enzyme

Lipases act on the lipid-water interface

act on the hydrophilic part of the lipid molecule

Overall urea cycle reaction

NH3+HCO3- + Aspartate---->>> Urea + Fumarate

uses 3 ATP

Produces 2 ADP

What is tryptophan broken down into?

acetoacetate

What does degradation of leucine and lysine yield?

acetyl coa and acetoacetate

What yields fumarate and acetoacetate

phenylalanine and tyrosine

What are the nonessential amino acids

alanine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, Glutamine, glycine, proline serine tyrosine

amino acid derived hormones

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Seratonin

GABA

Histamine

How is ammonia incorporated into amino acids

by glutamate synthesis

Where can Brain get energy?

Ketone bodies and glucose

Where is Hexokinase used?

in glycolysis

Where is glucokinase found?

present in liver

- can only work in glucose, requires a high level of glucose for activation which allows for a lot of storage of glucose

What brings together the different metabolic pathways?

Glucose 6 phosphate

Glucose Alanine Cycle

the cycle in which alanine is released from the muscle and is converted to glucose in the liver where it is broken down to remove free ammonia

Hormonal control in a fed state

insulin acts on adipose liver and muscle

GLUT4 activity

takes in glucose from the blood to reduce glucose

in fasted state Pancreas secretes_____ and adrenal Gland secretes___________

Pancreas secretes glucagon to Liver and adipose tissue

Adrenal gland secretes epinephrine to adipose tissue, liver and muscle

effects of AMPK on liver

increases glycolysis

increases fatty acid oxidation

decreases glycogen synthesis

decreases gluconeogenesis

effect of AMPK on muscle

inhibits glycogen synthesis

increases fatty acid oxidation

Diabetes may be caused by

-insufficient production of insulin

-insensitivity to its presence

What causes gout?

high levels of uric acid

What are purines broken into?

Uric Acid

In fatty acid biosynthesis, _______________ is an electron donor.

NADPH