Oral Com 11: Speech Acts and Communicative Competencies

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Austin
________ also introduced the concept of performative utterances: statements which enable the speaker to perform something just by stating it.
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J L Austin
According to ________ (1962), a philosopher of language and the developer of the Speech Act Theory, there are three types of acts in every utterance, given the right circumstances or context.
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Yano
________ (n.d.) explained it as knowledge of non- verbal strategies to compensate for breakdowns, such as recognizing discourse structure, activating background knowledge, contextual guessing, and tolerating ambiguity.
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Locution
________ means the phrase or sentence that has meaning.
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field of communication
It is the ________ that focuses on how people use message to generate meanings within and across various contexts and cultures.
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clarity
It refers to: accuracy, ________, comprehensibility, coherence, expertise, effectiveness and.
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performance
The ________ of the act of saying something with a specific intention or illocution.
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Perlocutionary
________- RECEIVER WASHING THE DISHES.
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Chomsky
It refers to what ________ calls linguistic competence and involves the mastering of the linguistic code including vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, spelling and word formation.
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performative utterance
A(n) ________ said by the right person under the right circumstances results in a change in the world.
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Relevance
________ is simply saying things which are ________ to the conversation.
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speech act
A(n) ________ might contain just one word or several words or sentences.
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external situation
It is a type of illocutionary act which brings a change in the ________.
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appropriate interaction
It is the degree to which a communicators goals are achieved through effective and ________.
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Communicative competence
________ is that aspect of our competence that enables us to convey and interpret messages and to negotiate meanings.
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cultural conventions
To Yano (n.d.), it is the pragmatic aspect of various speech acts, namely, the cultural values, norms, and other socio- ________ in social context.
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management of messages
It is the ________ for the purpose of creating meaning.
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Yano
________ (n.d) describes discourse competence as "the knowledge of rules regarding the cohesiĂłn (grammatical links) and coherence (appropriate combination of communicative function) of various types of discourse.
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speech act
A(n) ________ is an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect.
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Communicative Competence
________ refers to "what a speaker needs to know in order to be communicatively competent in a speech community.
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Locutionary
SAYING OF THE  WORDS
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Illocutionary
SPEAKER REQUESTS THE RECEIVER TO  WASH THE DISHES
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Perlocutionary
RECEIVER WASHING THE DISHES
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INFERRED SPEECH ACT
Do you have the ability to hand over the rice
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INDIRECT SPEECH ACT
Please pass the rice
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Austin also introduced the concept of performative utterances
statements which enable the speaker to perform something just by stating it
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It refers to
accuracy, clarity, comprehensibility, coherence, expertise, effectiveness and
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SPEECH ACTS
A speech act is an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect
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LOCUTIONARY ACT
It is the actual act of uttering.
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ILLOCUTIONARY ACT
The performance of the act of saying something with a specific intention or illocution.
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PERLOCUTIONARY ACT
It is the resulting act of what is said. This effect is based on the particular context in which the speech act was mentioned.
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INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS
When a speaker does not explicitly state the intended meaning behind the utterance.
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PERFORMATIVES
Statements which enable the speaker to perform something just by stating it.
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ASSERTIVE
It is a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a proposition. Some examples of an assertive act are suggesting, putting forward, swearing, boasting, and concluding.
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DIRECTIVE
It is a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker tries to make the addressee perform an action. Some examples of a directive act are asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, and begging.
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COMMISSIVE
It is a type of illocutionary act which commits the speaker to doing something in the future. Examples of a commissive act are promising, planning, vowing, and betting.
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EXPRESSIVE
It is a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional reactions. Some examples of an expressive act are thanking, apologizing, welcoming, and deploring.
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DECLARATION
It is a type of illocutionary act which brings a  change in the external situation. Simply put, declarations bring into existence or cause the state of affairs which they refer to. __Some examples of declarations are blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, passing a sentence, and excommunicating.__
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COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE
It is the degree to which a communicator’s goals are achieved through effective and appropriate interaction
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Communicative Competence according to Dell Hymes 1972
Communicative competence is that aspect of our competence that enables us to convey and interpret messages and to negotiate meanings
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MEANING OF “WELL”
It refers to: accuracy, clarity, comprehensibility, coherence, expertise, effectiveness and

appropriateness
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CANALE & SWAIN (1980)
* Linguistic /Grammatical Competence (Accuracy)
* Sociolinguistic Competence
* Discourse Competence
* Strategic Competence
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LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE
It refers to what Chomsky calls linguistic competence and involves the mastering of the linguistic code including __vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, spelling and word formation.__
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DISCOURSE COMPETENCE
It deals with the interpretation of individual message elements and is also related to the ability for combining ideas to achieve __**cohesion**__ in form and __**coherence**__ in thought.
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SOCIOLINGUISTIC COMPETENCE
It refers to the extent to which utterances are produced and understood appropriately in different __**social contexts.**
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STRATEGIC COMPETENCE
It refers to the coping strategies used to start, finish, maintain or repair communication so as to overcome limitations in language knowledge.
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**Relevance**
is simply saying things which are relevant to the conversation.
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Quality
involves credibility or honesty. How true and correct are we saying?
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**Quantity**
in conversations implies that we talk only of what is needed, no more, no less.
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Manner
is saying things with clarity and order. Speak the truth as briefly and directly as possible to avoid ambiguity.