Psychology 105 (Midterm #2)

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28 Terms

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Stress

The tension, discomfort, or physical symptoms that arise when a stressor strains our ability to cope.

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Stressor

A stimulus in our environment that provokes stress.

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Traumatic Event

An extreme stressor that causes long-term psychological or health consequences.

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Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

A tool that measures the number of major life events in the past year to assess stress.

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Hassles Scale

A scale that measures the frequency and severity of daily stressors, better predicting physical health than the SRRS.

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General Adaptive Syndrome

Hans Selye's model explaining the body's physiological response to stress, consisting of three phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

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Coping

Strategies used to manage stress, which can be problem-focused or emotion-focused.

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Primary Appraisal

The initial evaluation of whether an event is a threat.

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Secondary Appraisal

The assessment of available resources to cope with a stressor.

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Psychoneuroimmunology

The study of the relationship between the immune system and the nervous system.

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Coping Strategies

Methods to handle stress, which can include social support, proactive coping, and emotional control.

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Altruism

Type of helping behavior where individuals help others for unselfish reasons.

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Aggression

Any behavior intended to cause physical or psychological pain.

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Conformity

The tendency for people to alter their behavior due to group pressure.

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Obedience

Adherence to instructions from authority figures.

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Self-Perception Theory

The theory that our actions give us clues to our attitudes.

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Cognitive Dissonance

Mental discomfort experienced when a person holds contradictory beliefs or values or when their behavior conflicts with their beliefs.

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Implicit Egotism

The tendency to gravitate toward people or things that resemble oneself.

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Personality Traits

Relatively enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make individuals different.

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Big Five Model of Personality

Model suggesting that personality is made up of five traits: neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness.

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Trait Theory

The study of how different traits influence an individual’s behavior and attitudes.

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Social Learning Theory

The theory that suggests that personality is influenced by both the environment and behavior, incorporating observational learning.

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Defense Mechanisms

Psychological strategies used to cope with reality and maintain self-image, such as repression and denial.

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Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to overestimate the influence of internal factors and underestimate the impact of external factors in others' behaviors.

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Stereotypes

Positive or negative beliefs about individuals based on their membership in a group.

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Prejudice

An unfavorable attitude toward members of a certain group.

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Discrimination

The act of treating members of one group differently from another.

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Placebo Effect

The phenomenon in which a patient’s symptoms improve after receiving a treatment that is inert.