Exam 4

Proximal convoluted tubule

Site at which most tubular reabsorption occurs.

Glomularis

Site of filtrate formation.

Pertibular capillaries

Blood supply that directly receives substances from tubular cells.

Collecting duct

Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule.

Glomerular filtration rate control factors

Electrolyte levels do not affect glomerular filtration rate control.

Function of microvilli on the PCT

Increase the surface area and allow for greater volume of filtrate components to be reabsorbed.

Condition of patient breathing slowly with low blood pH

Metabolic alkalosis.

Trigger for micturition (voiding)

Pressure of fluid in the bladder.

What promotes filtrate formation at glomerularis?

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

Characteristic of urinary bladder

Transitional epithelium.

Response to a chest injury causing respiratory acidosis

The kidneys will retain bicarbonate.

Effect of ADH on collecting duct

Aquaporins are inserted into apical membranes.

Condition after consuming excessive water

Hyponatremia, low extracellular sodium ion concentration.

Function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Regulate blood pressure and rate of blood filtration by kidneys.

Why alcohol acts as a diuretic

It inhibits the release of ADH.

Hormone regulating sodium ion concentration in extracellular fluid

Aldosterone.

Condition of low blood pH with rapid breathing

Metabolic acidosis.

Primary control over sodium levels in the body

Aldosterone.

Compensation for severe diarrhea leading to metabolic acidosis

Increased respiratory rate and depth of breath.

Role of aldosterone in potassium balance

Induced secretion of potassium.

Most important hormone regulator of electrolyte reabsorption

Angiotensin II and epinephrine.

Hypotonic hydration refers to

Condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking excessive amounts of H2O.

Condition causing respiratory acidosis

A person breathing shallow due to an obstruction.

Protein in urine can indicate

Damage to the filtration membrane.

Effect of strong acid like HCl on carbonic acid buffer

More carbonic acid is formed.

Consequences of removing thyroid and parathyroid glands

Calcium ion levels would go out of balance.

Response of macula densa cells

Changes in sodium content in filtrate.

What’s not in a chemical buffer system?

Nitrogen.

Mechanism of water reabsorption by renal tubules

Osmosis.

Hormone acting on the collecting duct for sodium retention

Aldosterone.

Response to panic attack with hyperventilation

Prevents respiratory alkalosis by breathing into a bag.

Effect of consuming salty food on physiology

Temporary increase in blood volume.

Body's water volume tied to

Sodium levels.

Function of ANP hormone produced in the atria

Reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water reabsorption.

Increased permeability of collecting duct cells to water due to

Increase in production of ADH.

Sodium found mainly in which fluid compartment?

Extracellular fluid.

Potassium is found where?

Intracellular fluid.

Reason for many mitochondria in the PCT

Because active transport takes place in the PCT.

Distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids

Potassium is high in the cells and sodium is high in bodily fluids.

Condition characterized by accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space

Edema.

Fluid loss due to deprivation of water or solutes is called

Dehydration.

Condition of deficient aldosterone production by the adrenal cortex

Addison's disease.

Hormone regulating sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid

Aldosterone.

Condition due to excessive water intake

Hyponatremia.

Condition possibly caused by severe diarrhea or untreated diabetes mellitus

Metabolic acidosis.

Condition possibly occurring with emphysema, extreme obesity, or narcotic overdose

Respiratory acidosis.

Condition caused by asthma, pneumonia or severe panic attack

Respiratory alkalosis.

Symptoms of vomiting, diuretics, or antacids ingestion

Metabolic acidosis.

Correct sequence from urine formation to elimination

Nephron, collecting ducts, minor calyx, major calyx, ureter, urethra.