Human Anatomy & Physiology

Ts

Cephalic

Head

Cranial

Skull

Facial

Face

Frontal

Forehead

Temporal

Temple

Cervical

neck

Axillary

Armpit

Brachial

Arm

Antebrachial

Forearm

Carpal

Wrist

Palmar

Palm

Pollex

thumb

Digital/phalanges (hand)

fingers

Femoral

thigh

Patella

front of knee

Crural

shin

Pedal

foot

Tarsal

Ankle

Digital/phalangeal (foot)

toes

Dorsum

top of foot

Hallux

Big toe

Orbital/ocular

eye

Otic

ear

Buccal

Cheek

nasal

nose

oral

mouth

mental

chin

Sternal

breastbone

Thoracic

chest

Mammary

breast

Abdominal

abdomen

Umbilical

navel

Coxa

hip

Dorsum

back of hand

manual

hand

pelvic

pelvis

Inguinal

groin

Pubic

pubis

Occipital

base of skull

Scapular

shoulder blade

Vertebral

spinal column

Dorsal

Back

Olecranal/cubital

back of elbow

lumbar

loin

sacral

between hips

coccygeal

tailbone

gluteal

butt

perineal

area between the anus and external genital

popliteal

back of knee

sural

calf

plantar

sole

Calcaneal

heel

transverse plane

cutting body into superior and inferior parts

Frontal/coronal plane

cut into posterior & anterior parts

Sagittal/lateral plane

cut into left & right

Medial

Structures closer to the midline of the body

• EX: nose is medial to the eyes

Lateral

Structures farther from the midline of body or towards the sides

• EX: ears are lateral to the eyes

Proximal

In relation to the point of attachment of a limb

• Shoulder is proximal to the elbow

Distal

In relation to the point of attachment of a limb to the body

• Fingers are distal to the wrist

Cells

the basic unit of life

Tissues

Made up of cells w/ similar structures and functions

Organs

made up of tissue that works together to function

Organ systems

Group of organs that work together to carry out a function

Organisms

Made up of one or more organ systems

Cell membrane

Referred to as plasma membrane. Separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment

Selectively Permeable

Only specific materials pass in and out

• Keeps cells stable or in homeostasis

Cytoplasm

gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of the cell

Cytoskeleton

Network of fibers that provides structural support for the cell and organelles

• Helps with cellular movement

Ribosomes

Intercellular structures made of both RNA and protein

• Site of protein synthesis

Amino acids

Small molecules that are the building blocks of proteins

Nucleus

Membrane-enclosed organelle within a cell that contains the chromosomes (DNA)

Nucleolus

area inside the nucleus of a cell that is made up of RNA and proteins and is where ribosomes are made

Endoplasmic reticulum

Large, dynamic structure that serves many roles in the cell, including calcium storage, protein synthesis, and lipid metabolism

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

provides surface area for chemical reactions and protein transport

• rough due to the surface covered in ribosomes

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

makes cellular products like hormones and lipids

• Detoxification

Golgi apparatus

helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell

Mitochondria

generates most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reaction

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level

Chloroplast

type of plastid organelle w/ a double membrane that services as a site for photosynthesis

Photosynthesis

energy from the sun is covered into chemical energy for growth

Lysosome

contains digestive enzyme that break down excess or worn-out cell parts

• may be used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria

Vacuole

• help sequester waste products in animal cells

• maintain water balance in plant cells

Genes

A unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristics of the offspring

Regulatory genes

used to control the timing, location, and amount in which genes are expressed

Chromosomes

A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and proteins found in the nucleus of most living cells. Carrying genetic info in the form of genes

• Composed of DNA

Cholecystokinin

Digests fats & proteins and stimulates the gallbladder to release bile

Secretin

Regulates pH by inhibiting gastric acid secretion and stimulating bicarb production

Insulin

responsible for glucose metabolism and stores glucose as glycogen

Glucagon

raises blood glucose levels

Bile

emulsifies fats

Oxytocin

Causes increased contractions of the uterus during labor

= stimulates ejection of milk into the ducts of the breasts

Prolactin

stimulates milk production in mammary glands

Follicle-stimulating hormone

formation of ova or sperm

Luteinizing hormones

stimulates ovulation in females and androgen in men

Progesterone

creates healthy uterine lining for mentrual cycle and pregnancy

Androgen

develops male sexual characteristics and reproduction

Keratinocytes

produces keratin

Keratin

A protein that enhances water resistance and toughness in our cells

Antidiuretic hormone

constricts blood vessels and control salt and water in body