physio exam 2

what are the 4 heart chambers

R & L atrium R & L Ventricle

is it True that valves have only 1 way flow?

true

name the 4 valves in the heart?

• Tricuspid

• Mitral/Bicuspid

• Pulmonary

• Aortic

where is the tricuspid valve

right AV valve

where is the Mitral/Bicuspid valve

left av valve

where is the Pulmonary valve

lungs

where does aortic valve

to body

what do valves do

prevent backflow

what fist step for blood flow

Body

what comes after body

vena cava

what comes after vena cava

right atrium

what comes after right atrium

tricuspid valve

what comes after tricuspid valves

right ventricle

what comes after right ventricle

pulmonary valve

what comes after pulmonary valve

lungs

what comes after lungs

pulmonary vein

after pulmonary vein?

left vein

after the left vein?

left atrium

after left atrium

mitral valve

after mitral valve?

left ventricle

left ventricle after ?

aortic valve then back to body

S1 lub

av valve closes

S2 DUB

semilunar valves close

what a murmur ?

abnormal blood flow

what the first step of a pace maker

sa node start heart beat

what second step for a pace maker

av node (delays signal)

what the third step for pace maker

bundle of his

what the fourth step for pace maker

pirkinje fiber

what is the sa node also known as

natural pace maker

why does AV node delays matter?

lets atria contract before ventricle are filled

Na + Ca=

depolarization heart beat starts

K +

repolarization reset

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

heart rate up

Acetylcholine

heart rate down

Systole

contraction high

diastole

relax low

EDV

blood before contraction

ESV

blood after contraction

Cardiac output

blood pumper per min

ISOVOLUMETRIC CONTRACTION

ventricle contracting but no blood goes

what happens if ISOVOLUMETRIC CONTRACTION

valves close till semilunar valves open

PRESSURE-VOLUME LOOP

it the filling, Isovolumetric contraction, Ejection,Isovolumetric relaxation

what does Preload (EDV) do

more fill = stroke volume up

what does contractility do ?

more contract= stroke volume up

what does after load do?

high pressure on top = stroke volme down

who stronger? left or right ventricle

l eft ventricle = stronger (pumps to body)

what does EKG do?

measures electrical activity of heart check for abnormalities

increased for Na and Ca

ions

increase heart rate

Peripheral Resistance

Resistance to blood flow

What affects PR?

• Vessel radius (MOST IMPORTANT)

• Blood viscosity (thicker = ↑ PR)

• Blood volume

• Vessel length (longer = ↑ PR)

Epinephrine (β2 receptors):

raises blood to muscles

Norepinephrine (α receptors):

raises blood pressure

what vasodilation

widening of blood vessels increase of blood flow

what vasconstriction?

narrowing of vessels

location of Baroreceptors

in carotid arteries & aorta

Baroreceptors meaning

Negative feedback system for when blood pressure increases

Chemoreceptors triggers?

• ↓ O₂

• ↑ CO₂

• ↓ pH

Chemoreceptors solution for life?

• Vasoconstriction

• Maintains BP to vital organs

Cardiac Hypertrophy

Enlargement of heart muscle cells

what causes Cardiac Hypertrophy

• High blood pressure

• Valve problems

• Stress on heart

what causes cardiac hyopertrophy ?

Concentric: ↑ width (pressure overload)

Eccentric: ↑ length (volume overload)

Hypertension (HIGH BP)

• Affects ~50% of adults

• Called “silent killer”

Hypertension (HIGH BP)

• Damages vessels

  • Stroke

  • Heart failure

  • Kidney damage

Hypertension Causes

• Kidney problems

• Hormone issues (aldosterone, epinephrine)

Vasodilators

↓ resistance

Beta blockers

↓ HR

ACE inhibitors

↓ angiotensin II

Diuretics

↓ volume

Fibrillation (Arrhythmia)

Rapid, irregular heart contractions

Atrial Fibrillation (A-fib)

• Irregular heartbeat

• Risk of blood clots

• no p waves seen on EKG

Ventricular Fibrillation

• No cardiac output

• Leads to death in minutes

• u need AED

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Atherosclerosis (plaque buildup

Plaque Danger

• Stable: narrows artery

• Unstable: ruptures → clot → heart attack

Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)

Blocked coronary artery- no O means cells death

CO = ?× SV

Heart rate (HR)

MAP ≈ DBP + ?

1/3(SBP − DBP)

MAP =

CO × PR

what normal BP

120/80

Adrenal Medulla

make and

secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

C-reactive protein

Marker of systemic

inflammation

Homocysteine

vascular

risk, but less central

clinically than LDL, BP,

smoking, and diabetes

Coronary angiography:

artery in groin or wrist

– Threaded towards heart,

and radiopaque contrast

medium (dye) is injected

into coronary arteries

Cardiac catheterization:

nsertion of a long, flexible

tube (catheter) into

peripheral vein or artery

guided under x-ray

observation