hismt: fundamentals of information systems

information system

arrangement of data (information), processes, people, and information technology that interact to collect, process, store, and provide as output the information needed to support the organization

They support business operations

three vital roles of IS in an organization:
to speed up our transactions in any organization. If we are going to put it in the healthcare sector, specifically in the laboratory, this is where we request lab tests for the patients.

They support managerial decisions

three vital roles of IS in an organization:
In decision making of managers, this will be coming from the reports that can be extracted from the information systems

It can provide strategic competitive advantage

three vital roles of IS in an organization:
It gives you a competitive advantage if you already have information systems.

health information system

refer to any system that “captures, stores, manages or transmits information related to the health of individuals or the activities of organizations that work within the health sector.

patients

The stakeholders of the hospitals are ____

information technology

is a contemporary term that describes the combination of computer technology (hardware and software) with data and telecommunications technology

models in IT

Define the way we learn about the world, interpret what we see and apply our knowledge to effect change, whether that is through our own actions or using technology such as a computer

hardwarre

physical components of the computers
any digital device

software

Collective term for computer programs, which are sets of instructions to computer hardware.

system software

operating systems such as windows and ios. They manage the operations of the hardware

application

software designed for specific tasks.

database

Collections of interrelated data that are shared by many units and contribute to productivity and efficiency

query

Database is a place where your data is collected, stored, and retrieved through a ___ or asking one or more specific criteria

big data

term used for a truly massive amount of data that can be collected and analyzed

variety, volume, velocity

big data contains: greater ____, increasing ____, high rate of ____

data

- basic facts
- raw alpha-numeric values that we obtain from acquisition methods
- objective
- has no meaning
- unprocessed
- quantifiable
- anything and everything

information

- data with context
- is when your data is processed, organized, and structured / processed data
- should be objective
- has meaning
- processed
- quantifiable
- stats and infographics

knowledge

- processed information with meaning
- it is unique to each individual because there’s a difference in interpreting and assigning meaning to the information
- subjective
- meaning with a specific purpose
- processed and understood
- not quantifiable
- answers to questions

action; the authority and capacity

How you put ___ into that knowledge you need past experience, insights, how you interpret information but also you should have ___ to implement a decision

knowledge base

Collection of rules can be thought of as a database containing elements of knowledge

ontology

Set of concepts understood in a knowledge base and how these concepts are arranged meaningfully
rules in knowledge base will be used here
explains the entities in your knowledge base
give meaning to the rules

classification and explanation

Ontology seeks the ___ of entities in your knowledge base

rules of inference

This is when there’s already logic
Specify how a knowledge base can be applied to a database

No Computer Interpretation

In 100% of their interpretative model, human is the one doing it.
It is possible that they don’t have an information system.

100% Total Computer Interpretation

computers solely are the ones interpreting the data
based on the rules entered, hence basing on the KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEM

shared burden

The best method would be if there is a ___ between humans and computers in interpretation.

people and procedures

The most neglected but most important components of information systems

people

○ information systems professionals and users
○ analyze organizational information needs
○ design and construct information systems
○ write computer programs
○ operate the hardware and maintain software
○ without the intervention of people, no one would input the rules and make sure that the system is tailored fit to the organization

procedures

○ rules for achieving optimal and secure operations in data processing
○ include priorities in dispensing software applications and security measures
○ required so that the people who run the system would know that there is knowledge to follow

telecommunications

○ communication over distance
○ primarily communication of bits representing many forms of data and information
○ when you use a hardware with a software inside and have connections
○ can be through wires, ethernet cables, fiber optics, wireless wifi

networks

○ combination of devices including hardware connected to each other through one of the communication media (cables, radio waves, etc.)

Local Area Network (LAN)

types of networks:
within a specific area

Wide Area Network (WAN)

types of networks:
more dispersed

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

types of networks:
within the city

Executive Information Systems (EIS)

types of information systems:
■ highly individualized
■ often custom-made

Management Information Systems (MIS)

types of information systems:
■ sales management systems
■ inventory control systems
■ budgeting systems
■ personnel/human resources management systems

Decision Support Systems (DSS)

types of information systems:
■ computer supported cooperative work systems
■ logistics systems
■ financial planning systems

Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

types of information systems:
■ payroll systems
■ order processing systems
■ reservation systems
■ payment or funds transfer systems

Process Control Systems (PCS)

types of information systems:
monitor and control physical processes

Operations Support Systems

types of information systems:
○ roles include processing business transactions, controlling industrial processes, supporting enterprise communications and collaborations, and updating corporate databases efficiently
○ e.g. Sales and Inventory Systems, Accounting Systems, Result Retrieval and Printing (LIMS)

Management Support Systems

types of information systems:
○ provides information and support for decision making by all types of managers
○ usually involve infographics
○ e.g. Sales Analysis, Product Performance, Inventory, Competitor Analysis, Product Pricing

Management Information Systems

types of information systems:
○ under Management Support
○ used to extract reports for inventory levels
■ e.g. amount of arabica coffee available
○ data acquired here is analyzed to make sound decisions

Specialized Processing Systems

types of information systems:
○ can support either operations or management applications
○ e.g. Human Resource Management, Customer Problem Resolution Systems

systems development life cycle (SDLC)

conceptual model where project management of the information system is presented

plan

systems development life cycle (SDLC):
● Review project requests
● Prioritize project requests
● Allocate resources
● Identify project development team

Conduct a feasibility study when problems arise

analyze

systems development life cycle (SDLC):
● Conduct preliminary investigation
● Perform detailed analysis activities
- Study current system
- Determine user requirements
- Recommend solution

Get information, and analyze the information based on the need and develop a functional requirement for the system.

design

systems development life cycle (SDLC):
● Acquire hardware and software, if necessary
● Develop details of system

What hardware do we need? Can you let me know the specs? What model do we need for the system?

develop/implement

systems development life cycle (SDLC):
● Develop programs, if necessary
● Install and test the new system
● Train users to Convert new system

This is when we already acquire the hardware. Next, we train the ones who will use this, modify the system and convert the old system to the new system.

maintain/suppoirt

systems development life cycle (SDLC):
● Conduct post-implementation system review
● Identify errors and enhancements
● Monitor system performance

We have a post-implementation review. Which among these do not fit the system? Despite the presence of the system, it takes 1.5 hours to get the results instead of 1 hour? Why do we have to manually type the results?

database model

Refers to the general logical structure in which records are stored within a database and the method used to establish relationships among the records

Hierarchical and Network Model

database model:
Oldest models; they are still used in some databases but are no longer used in the newly constructed databases because they turn obsolete

Relational and Object-oriented models

database model:
Most used models; widely used; used by most of the databases are designed by them

No- SQL and Data Warehouse

database model:
Rooted from the relational and object-oriented models

Object-oriented models

- stores data as objects
- provides class hierarchy
- complex
- not wide adopted
- can store graphics, images, or videos

Relational data base

- stores data as tables, columns, rows
- no class hierarchy
- simple
- standard models are available
- cannot store graphics, images, or videos

Object - oriented database

○ Access data at a more granular level
○ As objects (each piece of information is an object)
○ Complex because it can store graphics, images, or videos

Relational database

○ The entire table would need to be locked to update one row.
○ Process data as tables
○ Simple because graphics, images, or videos cannot be added
○ A database structured to recognize relations between stored items of information

Object database management system (ODBMS)

a database management system (DBMS) that supports the modeling and creation of data as objects

NO-SQL database

- provides a mechanism for storage and retrieval of data that is modeled in means other than the tabular relations used in relational databases.
- focuses on scalability, performance, and high availability therefore, the downfall is that it is less functional compared to relational database.

great quantities of data is important

No SQL will be used when

data warehouse

- system used for reporting and data analysis
- central repositories of integrated data from one or more disparate sources

reduce redundant data and to save storage space

relational database:
tables and joins are complex since they are normalized (for RDMS). why?

Relational modeling techniques

relational database:
entity

write operation

relational database:
optimized for?

analysis queries

relational database:
low performance for?

to reduce the response time for analytical queries.

data warehouse:
The tables and joins are simple since they are denormalized. why?

modeling techniques are used for the data warehouse design

data warehouse:
data

read operations

data warehouse:
optimized for?

analytical queries

data warehouse:
high performance for?