Group of Organic Macromolecules

Monosaccharides

Are the monomers or “building blocks” of carbohydrates.

Disaccharide

2 monomers of carbohydrates.

Polysaccharides

The polymer for carbohydrates.

Starch

Used as an energy storage molecule in plants.

Glycogen

Used as an energy storage molecule in animals.

Cellulose

Used as a structural component of plant cell walls.

Chitin

Used as a component of the exoskeleton of some animals and also fungal cell walls.

What are the 2 structure forms that carbohydrates can be in?

Branched or ringed.

Carbohydrates

A macromolecule used for short-term energy storage and is made out of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Fatty acid

The monomer for lipids; long chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

3 Carbon Glycerol molecule (alcohol)

A monomer for lipids that hold the whole molecule together.

Ester Linkage

The covalent bonds lipids use to hold fatty acids and glycerol together.

Lipids

A macromolecule that is your fats, oils, waxes, and steroids and is made out of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

The degree of saturation (lack of carbon or carbon double bonds)

Helps to determine the structure and function of many lipids.

Saturated fats

Solid at room temperature, and contains no carbon double or triple bonds.

Unsaturated fats

Liquid at room temperatures, and contains carbon double or triple bonds.

Polyunsaturated fats

Fats that have many double or triple bonds in their fatty acid chains

Trans fats

Oils turned solid fats by adding hydrogen and breaking the double or triple bonds in the fatty acids.

Phospholipid

Lipid composed of phosphate hydrophilic head and fatty acid hydrophilic tail; mainly found in plasma membrane

Hydrophilic

Water-loving

Hydrophobic

Water-hating

Amphipathic

Something that has both polar and nonpolar regions.

Steroid

A lipid composed of 4 carbon rings

Attached functional groups

What makes steroids different from each other and helps determine the function.

Cholesterol

Lipid found in the cell membrane that helps with membrane fluidity.

Proteins

Large macromolecules which are composed of monomers called amino acids and are made out of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen.

Amino end (NH2)

Base part of amino acid that accepts a hydrogen ion.

Carboxyl end (COOH)

Acid, releasing a hydrogen ion.

Alpha (a) Carbon

Central carbon atom to which all the other functional groups are attached to.

R Group

The only part different in amino acids; gives different amino acids different properties.

Peptide bond

Strong covalent bond that binds individual amino acids.

Dipeptide

Two amino acids bonded together.

Polypeptide chain.

Multiple amino acids bonded together.

Directionality

Two ends that are chemically distinct from one another.

Amino terminus

A free amino group of the amino end.

Carboxyl terminus

Free carboxyl group on the carboxyl side.

Primary structure

Linear chain of amino acids.

Secondary structure

Folding patterns that are stabilized by hydrogen ions; alpha helix and beta-pleated sheets.

Chaperonins

Protective structures that allows proteins to fold without water present.

Tertiary structure

The overall 3 dimensional arrangement of its polypeptide chain in space.

Quaternary structure

Two or more polypeptides are woven together to form the overall structure of a protein.

Denaturation

The “unraveling” or “unfolding” of a protein or enzyme causing it not to function.

What does DNA stand for?

Deoxyribose nucleotide.

What is DNA function?

To code for proteins.

Adenine pairs with…

Thymime

Guanine pairs with…

Cytosine.

In RNA, Adenine pairs with…

Uracil.

What is the main different between DNA and RNA?

RNA is single stranded and DNA is double stranded.

Antiparallel

When 2 things run parallel to each other, but have opposite directional orientations.