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Monosaccharides
Are the monomers or “building blocks” of carbohydrates.
Disaccharide
2 monomers of carbohydrates.
Polysaccharides
The polymer for carbohydrates.
Starch
Used as an energy storage molecule in plants.
Glycogen
Used as an energy storage molecule in animals.
Cellulose
Used as a structural component of plant cell walls.
Chitin
Used as a component of the exoskeleton of some animals and also fungal cell walls.
What are the 2 structure forms that carbohydrates can be in?
Branched or ringed.
Carbohydrates
A macromolecule used for short-term energy storage and is made out of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Fatty acid
The monomer for lipids; long chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
3 Carbon Glycerol molecule (alcohol)
A monomer for lipids that hold the whole molecule together.
Ester Linkage
The covalent bonds lipids use to hold fatty acids and glycerol together.
Lipids
A macromolecule that is your fats, oils, waxes, and steroids and is made out of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
The degree of saturation (lack of carbon or carbon double bonds)
Helps to determine the structure and function of many lipids.
Saturated fats
Solid at room temperature, and contains no carbon double or triple bonds.
Unsaturated fats
Liquid at room temperatures, and contains carbon double or triple bonds.
Polyunsaturated fats
Fats that have many double or triple bonds in their fatty acid chains
Trans fats
Oils turned solid fats by adding hydrogen and breaking the double or triple bonds in the fatty acids.
Phospholipid
Lipid composed of phosphate hydrophilic head and fatty acid hydrophilic tail; mainly found in plasma membrane
Hydrophilic
Water-loving
Hydrophobic
Water-hating
Amphipathic
Something that has both polar and nonpolar regions.
Steroid
A lipid composed of 4 carbon rings
Attached functional groups
What makes steroids different from each other and helps determine the function.
Cholesterol
Lipid found in the cell membrane that helps with membrane fluidity.
Proteins
Large macromolecules which are composed of monomers called amino acids and are made out of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen.
Amino end (NH2)
Base part of amino acid that accepts a hydrogen ion.
Carboxyl end (COOH)
Acid, releasing a hydrogen ion.
Alpha (a) Carbon
Central carbon atom to which all the other functional groups are attached to.
R Group
The only part different in amino acids; gives different amino acids different properties.
Peptide bond
Strong covalent bond that binds individual amino acids.
Dipeptide
Two amino acids bonded together.
Polypeptide chain.
Multiple amino acids bonded together.
Directionality
Two ends that are chemically distinct from one another.
Amino terminus
A free amino group of the amino end.
Carboxyl terminus
Free carboxyl group on the carboxyl side.
Primary structure
Linear chain of amino acids.
Secondary structure
Folding patterns that are stabilized by hydrogen ions; alpha helix and beta-pleated sheets.
Chaperonins
Protective structures that allows proteins to fold without water present.
Tertiary structure
The overall 3 dimensional arrangement of its polypeptide chain in space.
Quaternary structure
Two or more polypeptides are woven together to form the overall structure of a protein.
Denaturation
The “unraveling” or “unfolding” of a protein or enzyme causing it not to function.
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribose nucleotide.
What is DNA function?
To code for proteins.
Adenine pairs with…
Thymime
Guanine pairs with…
Cytosine.
In RNA, Adenine pairs with…
Uracil.
What is the main different between DNA and RNA?
RNA is single stranded and DNA is double stranded.
Antiparallel
When 2 things run parallel to each other, but have opposite directional orientations.
Note 
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