psychology- visual perspective sac

sac 1 unit 2

sensation

passive process,occurs automatically raw sensory the feeling when u touch someone requires no thought process

perception

active processes require thought processes psychological process

within subject

Participants undergo all conditions repeated measures both experimental and controlled group

between subjects

Participants are exposed to 1 of 2 groups (one group does something whilst other does not)

mixed subjects

Repeated experiments combine features of both subject and within subject design.

synaethesia

perceptual experience stimulation of sense that produces additional sensations in another (multiple types) its not a disease nor does it interfere with normal daily functioning

visual illusions

perceptual distortions involving a mismatch between perceptual experience and physical reality

perceptual distortions occuring consistently

everytime we see the same visual illusion we experience the same illusonary experience it occurs even when we are aware of illusion occuring

muller lyer illusion

visual illusion in which one of two lines of equal length each of which have opposite shaped ends, is incorrectly perceived as being longer then the other

perceptual sets

temporary readiness to perceive something in accordance to with what we expect it to be

context (perceptual set)

refers to the setting or environment in which perception is made we often take into account the setting and pay attention to aspects that are more relevant

Motivation (perceptual set)

refers to the process which activates and sustains purposeful or goal directed behaviour

past experience (perceptual set)

refers to our personal experiences throughout our lives and includes everything we learned, intentionally or unintentionally Our visual perception relies heavily on past experiences, a crucial aspect of top-down processing

gestalt principles

refers to ways in which we organise the features of a visual stimus by grouping them to perceive a whole,complete form.

closure

perceptual tendency to mentally ‘close up’ or fill in or ignore gaps in a visual image and to perceive incomplete objects as complete (whole)

similarity

involves the tendency to perceive parts of visual stimulus that has similar features (size,shape,colour) as belonging together in a group

proximity

perceives parts of visual image which are positioned close together as belonging to one group (series of letters located close interpreted as one word)

figure &ground

when we use figure ground we organise visual info by dividing stimulus into a figure, which stands out from the background.

continuation

most likely to see continuous and smooth lines rather then broke and jagged ones

top down processing

perception begins at top higher thinking levels and then works down from whole to details (past knowledge of image)

bottom up processing

the perceptual process begins from bottom with ‘raw sensory info’ that is sent up to brain for higher level of mental processing.

perceptual distortion is unaffected by prior knowledge that its an illusion

the illusory experience occurs even when we know we are looking at the visual illusion

perceptual distortion is unaffected by the prior understanding of why it occurs

misinterpretation happens even when we are aware of the reason/theory as to how the illusion occurs

sustained attention

involves maintance of attention on a specific stimulus or task for a continious period of time without being distracted

divided attention

refers to ability to distribute our attention so that two or more activities may be performed simultaneously

selective attention

involves choosing and attending to a specific stimulus whilst at same time excluding other stimuli

social factors

culture as an influence-and involves individuals external environment and surroundings that can influence how people perceive visual stimuli.

biological factors

factors that influence visual perception

(depth cues,binocular and monocular etc)

psychological factors

describe how mental processes influence visual perception

(gestalt principles)

spatial neglect

A neurological disorder where individuals cannot notice anything on their left or right side (despite their sense functioning normally)

list monocular depth cues

accomidation,height in visual field, texture gradient, relative size, interpostion,linear perspective

list binocular dept cues

retina disparity,convergence

raw sensory data

the process by which sensory receptors sense organs and detect and respond to sensory information that stimulates them.

perceptual set

temporary readiness to perceive something in accordance with what we expect it to be. (past experience,context,memory and motivation) more likely to interpret the event in a predetermined way

extraneous variables

variables not investigated that can affect the overall result

within subject

also called repeated measure each participant is in both the experimental and control groups

between subject

1 of 2 groups (one group drinks coffee, the other doesn't) is randomly allocated

mixed subject

combines features of both between and within subject design repeated measures no disadvanatage

memory(perceptual set)

visual perception is the process of interpreting what we see in a meaningful way. Memory is the process of storing and retrieving this perceived information.

memory top down processing

Visual perception of objects and scenes through top down processing of sensory information is initially compared with those stored in memory. in attempt to find a match