Cognitive psych 2

Frank Landy was a legendary football player, yet he struggles to teach others to play football. This most likely reflects:

expert induced amnesia

The type of question that you will complete later in this quiz with a short-answer/essay format is an example of a _______ test question

recall

You encounter someone at the gym and feel a sense of recognition but cannot recall who they are or where they were encountered. This would be an example of _____ and produce a ______ response on a recognition test.

familiarity, remember

Which of the following is not an example of implicit memory?

word stem completion

procedural memory

cued recall

classical conditioning

cued recall

Semantic memories tend to decline _____ compared to episodic memories.

slower

Describe the difference between episodic and semantic memory. Give an example of each. Finally, what is the concept of personal semantic memory? Give an example.  

Episodic and Semantic memory are the two different types of explicit memory. Semantic memory is the more factual, vocabulary-based, and informational type of memory that is recalled. An example of this would be recalling the first US president. Episodic memory is the more personal and in-the-moment kind of memory. Episodic memory relies more on the individual actually re-living the experience in their mind as they are recalling it. Semantic memory does not involve reliving the experience. An example of using your episodic memory would be when you are explaining, moment to moment, what happened at a concert you went to, to a friend. A personal semantic memory would refer to a semantic memory you can recall that also has some personal significance to you or your life. An example of this would be explaining to a friend what happened and who won in an NBA game because you also really enjoy and are passionate about basketball. 

What is the truth effect and mere exposure effect? What kind of memory do they fall under and why? Identify applications of both of these effects.

The truth effect refers to the tendency to believe something is true or a fact just because you have seen it more frequently. An application example of this would be the persistent spread of misinformation on the internet, leading to more and more people believing things that are not true. The mere exposure effect refers to the tendency to like or favor something/someone because of frequent exposure to them. An application example of this would be when you see a classmate more often, over time, you feel closer to them, or they become more likable to you. These effects fall under implicit memory because this is something that happens unconsciously. 

What is the testing effect? How does the difference between testing and restudying change when there is a longer delay between the initial test/restudy session and the final test? Finally, is there a kind of practice test that is best? Or does it depend on what the final test is?

The testing effect refers to the memory benefits from practice testing or testing yourself on a topic to learn it better. According to studies like the Karpicke and Roediger (2006) study, research shows that memory improves more and more over time from the testing effect. The longer the delay, the greater the benefit of memory after testing yourself on the material. When it comes to what specific kind of practice testing provides the most benefit, the Rowland (2014) study found that participants were more likely to remember the material after taking practice quizzes. And, Carpenter and Delosh (2006) found that free recall had the highest accuracy. Actively pulling from your memory and testing yourself are the most effective techniques for recall. 

Explain the concept of context dependent memory and how it was demonstrated by Baddely and Godden’s diving experiment. How could you apply this to your own studying?

In Baddely and Godden's Context-dependent experiment, they examined whether the context and environment in which participants studied in affected how well they remembered material when tested later on in that same environment or not. For example, participants would study the material either on land or in water, and then they would be tested either on land or in water. This study found that those who studied in water and took the recall test in water had greater recall overall. They found evidence that matching context from study to test matters. I can apply this by keeping my seat in class, from study to test, consistent, as it can provide some benefits. 

After you study a list of words, you have to take a recognition test. On this test, you are given unstudied words, for each of them you have to decide if they shared the same first letter as a studied word. For example, you would study a word like ANT, during the test phase you would be given ART and PERK. You would say yes to ART and no to PERK.  According to the concept of transfer appropriate processing, you should study the words by_____, even though it goes against _____.

deciding if each word’s first letter is a vowel or consonant, levels of processing framework

If you get nervous while studying for exams, in theory, you would perform best on the exam if you are ______

nervous, because of state dependent memory

John chooses to reread his textbook and feels that he will remember most of it for the test in a few days. John is most likely _____ how much he will recall and should instead _____.

overestimating, test himself

When using deep processing tasks such as saying words out loud or drawing them, this will typically do what?

 

make the deeply processed words more memorable, but also make the shallowly processed words less memorable.

Research has shown that ____ is the best method of studying words

thinking about how useful they would be in a survival situation