INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY reviewer

Philosophy

The study of fundamental questions regarding existence, knowledge, values, reason, and reality, derived from the Greek words "philos" (love) and "sophia" (wisdom).

Wisdom

The ability to make sensible decisions and provide good advice based on experience and knowledge.

Louis Pojman

Philosopher known for defining philosophy as a "quest for truth" aimed at promoting understanding and illumination.

Alistair Sinclair

Philosopher who described philosophy as the ultimate thinking activity that reflects human abstract thinking.

Robert Solomon

Philosopher who emphasized that philosophy seeks to understand human identity and thought.

Metaphysics

A major division of philosophy that explores the fundamental nature of reality and existence.

Epistemology

The branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge.

Logic

The study of principles of sound reasoning and argumentation.

Ethics

The division of philosophy that examines moral values and the rightness or wrongness of human conduct.

Aesthetics

The philosophical study of beauty and artistic value.

Axiology

The study of values and goodness in philosophy.

Theodicy/Cosmology

The philosophical study of God and the universe, particularly prominent in medieval philosophy.

Philosophical Questions

Open-ended inquiries that invite multiple viewpoints and do not require universal answers.

Nonphilosophical Questions

Questions that seek universal and exact answers, often based on empirical evidence.

Confucius

An influential Chinese philosopher (551-478 BCE) known for his teachings on ethics and human conduct.

Lao-Tzu

Philosopher credited with founding Taoism, emphasizing harmony with the Tao, or "The Way."

Vedas

Ancient sacred texts of Hinduism that contain philosophical teachings and reflections.

Upanishads

Philosophical texts within the Vedas that explore concepts such as Brahman and Atman.

Socrates

Ancient Greek philosopher (469-399 BCE) known for his method of questioning and emphasis on self-knowledge.

Plato

Greek philosopher (427-347 BCE) who introduced the theory of forms and the distinction between the world of senses and the world of ideas.

Aristotle

Greek philosopher (384-322 BCE) who emphasized empirical observation and the essence of things residing within them. knowledge is formed through human experience

Stoicism

A Hellenistic philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium that teaches the attainment of virtue and intellectual perfection.

Epicureanism

A philosophical system founded by Epicurus that advocates for a life of pleasure, particularly intellectual pleasure.

Neoplatonism

A philosophical tradition that seeks to revive and preserve Plato's insights, with notable figures like Plotinus and Proclus.

René Descartes

Philosopher (1596-1650) known as the Father of Modern Philosophy, famous for the statement "Cogito, ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am").

Phenomenology

A philosophical movement initiated by Edmund Husserl that focuses on the structures of experience and consciousness.

Ten Commandments of Philosophy

A set of guidelines for engaging in philosophical inquiry, emphasizing wonder, doubt, and the pursuit of truth.

Philosophy as the study of reality

philosophy not as a subject of natural or mathematical science, but also as beyond their domain

Philosophy as the study of justification

provide reasons or justifications to the claims we make

Philosophy as analysis to various concept that are central to our thought

what is central in philosophy is to get meaning of concepts we use

John Hosper

thought of 3 conceptions

Book of changes yi jing

one of the oldest chinese classics, yin yang divination

Book of history shujing

shaping chinese political philosophy

Book of Poetry Shijing

oldest existing collection of chinese poetry

Record of rites liji

covers wide range of topics, social norms, rituals and ceremonies

Spring and Autumn, A book of annals chunqui

record of significant events, death, battles, disaster

Ren Benevolence or humaneness, Lil Ritual propriety, Xiao filial piety

lun yu or conversations of the master

Chun yung or doctrine of mean

emphasizes importance of balance and moderation in all aspects of life

Ta heo or great learning

focuses on the principles of personal development and governance

Meng tse or teachings of mensius

collection of dialogues and sayings

practical and speculative

chinese philosophical tradition are primarily concerned with

Ionian thinkers such as Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes

The beginning of Western philosophy is traditionally attributed to early Greek thinkers in 600 BCE like

Frederick Coplestone

the splendid achievement of greek thought was cradled in Ionia

Miletus

The cradle of ionian philosophy

1500 - 1000 BCE

Indian or Hindu philosophy started to flourish

Atharva-Veda collections

Upanishads, aranyakas, philosophical instruction, treaties, reflection are found

a way of life

Asian philosophical traditions view philosophy as?

the identity of all being in brahman, The existence of maya, knowledge of all things in brahman or atman

essential philosophical teachings found in upanishads

Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle

The most well known influential among the ancient greek philosophers

anthropological and ethical rather than cosmological

primary focus of philosophical reflection

The world of senses and the world of ideas

Two world divide by plato

Alfred North Whitehead

claims that the entire western philosophy thought is a series of footnotes to plato

beliefs or doxa

formed based on experience of things around them

academy and lyceum

established schools, plato blank and aristotle blank

stoicism, epicureanism and academicians

Three major school of philosophical thought

Zeno of cithium

Stoic school founder

Ataraxia

this pleasure is not material but intellectual

Phenomenology

Philosophical method used in research, german philosopher edmund husserl in 19th and 20th century

Philosophy as speculation or speculative thinking, Philosophy as critical thinking or analysis, Philosophy as Reflective inquiry

Methods of philosophy

Michael lynch

The nature of truth author