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Atoms
It is the basic building blocks of matter
Protons
Positively charged particles found in the nucleus
Electrons
Negatively charged particles found in orbitals around the nucleus
Neutron
Neutrally charged particles found in the nucleus
Atomic Number
Number of protons in an atom, which defines the element
Mass Number
total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
What is the formula for mass number of atoms?
Mass Number = Number of protons + Number of Neutrons
 Periodic Table
It organizes elements by increasing atomic number and groups elements with similar properties in columns
Element in Group 1 area also known as?
Alkali Metals
Elements in Group 7 are also known as?
Halogens
Periodic Law
It states that elements with similar properties occur at regular intervals when arranged by atomic number
Ionic Bonding
Form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another. This typically happens between metals and nonmetals.
Cation
It is when metal atom loses one or more electron forming positive ion
Anion
It is when nonmetal gains electrons forming negative ion
Covalent Bonding
It is formed when atoms share electrons, typically between nonmetals
Molecules
It is group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction
Metallic Bonding
It occurs between metal atoms, where electrons are shared in a "sea of electrons" that move freely between positive metal ions
Mole
a unit of measurement in chemistry, a small, often dark spot on the skin, a subterranean mammal, or a spy operating within an organization
What is Avogadro’s constant?
Molar Mass
It is a substance is the mass of one mole of its particles (atoms or molecules), typically expressed in grams per mole (g/mol)
What is the formula or Molar Mass?
 Molar Mass = Mass of Substance / Amount of Substance (mol)
Concentration
It is the amount of solute dissolved in a given volume of solution
What is the formula of concentration?
Concentration (mol/dm3) = Amount of Solute (mol)/Volume of Solution (dm3)
What is Acid-Base reaction?
It is when the Acid reacts to Base to produce water and salt, it is also known as neutralizaiton.
What is Oxidation?
It is when the atom losses electrons
What is Reduction?
It is when atom gains electrons
What is Redox Reaction?
Is occurs when the process of oxidation and reduction happened at the same time.
Exothermic reaction
It is when the reaction results in the release of energy usually in the form of heat
Endothermic reaction
It is when the reaction absorbs energy from the surrounding
What is activation energy?
It is the minimum energy required for a reaction to occur. It can be influenced by temperature and catalysts
What is the formula for the Arrhenius equation?
Hydrocarbons
Compounds made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms
Alkanes
Saturated hydrocarbons, e.g., methane (CH₄), ethane (C₂H₆)
Alkenes
Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing double bonds, e.g., ethene (Câ‚‚Hâ‚„)
Alkynes
Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing triple bonds, e.g., ethyne (Câ‚‚Hâ‚‚)
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