Sociology 1020: Exam 2 Study

These flashcards cover essential vocabulary and concepts related to gender, sexuality, domestic violence, and social institutions as discussed in Sociology 1020.

Family as Gender Factory

The family is central in producing gender and sexuality; its organization and division of labor shape children's gender expectations.

Implicit Gender Socialization

Gender norms are learned through division of labor, organization of the home, parental beliefs, and everyday interactions.

Rubin et al. Study on Infants

Parents describe infant boys as strong and alert, while girls are described as soft and small, showing early gender bias.

Gendered Bedrooms

Boys' rooms are filled with primary colors and action-oriented toys, while girls' rooms contain pastel colors and domestic toys.

Gendered Clothing

Parents dress children in ways that reinforce gender expectations.

Key Findings on Parenting & Gender

Fathers engage in more gender-differentiated parenting than mothers, and sons have less flexibility in gender expression than daughters.

Heteronormativity

The assumption that heterosexuality is normal, natural, and preferred in society.

Normalizing Heterosexuality (Martin 2009)

Mothers promote heterosexuality by assuming children's heterosexuality, framing love around marriage, and erasing LGBTQ identities.

Fathers and Teen Sexuality

Fathers promote heterosexuality actively for sons, while they take a more passive approach with daughters.

Domestic Violence Definition

A pattern of power and control including physical, sexual violence, psychological abuse, threats, and economic control.

Domestic Violence Statistics

1 in 4 women and 1 in 10 men experience intimate partner violence.

Firearms and Intimate Partner Violence

Access to a firearm increases the risk of femicide by 400%.

Sociological Importance of Domestic Violence

Victims are at a higher risk for depression, suicide ideation, STIs, job loss, sexual assault, and homicide.

Psychological Definition of Gaslighting

Mind-manipulation tactics used by abusers to distort victims' perception of reality.

Sociological Definition of Gaslighting

Creating a 'surreal' environment to make victims feel crazy, especially when rooted in power inequalities.

Gaslighting as Social Inequality

Gaslighting is more effective because gender inequality limits women's ability to challenge men's narratives.

Conditions that Make Gaslighting Consequential

Gaslighting occurs in power-imbalanced relationships and uses gender stereotypes or social inequalities.

Gender and Gaslighting

Men frame women as irrational or emotional to undermine their credibility.

Sexuality and Gaslighting

Abusers attack women's sexual respectability by accusing them of promiscuity.

Institutional Vulnerability

Abusers exploit institutions to portray victims as unstable or untrustworthy.

Social Institution

A stable organization with roles, norms, and expectations designed to meet social needs.

Examples of Institutions

Family, government, schools, religion, media are all examples of social institutions.

Characteristics of Institutions

Stable, serve social purposes, contain roles, govern behavior, based on cultural values.

Manifest Function

The intended and recognized function of an institution, e.g., schools educate students.

Latent Function

The unintended or hidden functions of institutions; schools also socialize youth.

Schools as Gendered Institutions

Schools actively shape gender norms through teacher behavior and institutional practices.

Martin (1998) Preschool Study

Teachers gender children through dress expectations, behavioral rules, and regulating interactions.

Gender Socialization in Schools

Teachers and peers reinforce expectations for masculinity and femininity.

Sexuality Curriculum

Schools shape sexuality through discipline, teacher interactions, and institutional practices.

Schools as Sexual Institutions

Schools organize sexual identities, meanings, and practices despite appearing asexual.

Heterosexualization of Schools

Schools normalize heterosexuality through traditions and institutional norms.

Examples of Sexuality Curriculum

Heteronormative sex education practices and teasing about boy-girl relationships.

Heteronormative School Practices

Traditional practices such as Mother's Day and Father's Day activities reinforce heterosexual norms.

LGBTQ Discipline Disparity

LGBTQ students face higher rates of disciplinary action compared to non-LGBTQ students.

Growing Female Advantage

Women graduate college at higher rates than men across post-1960 birth cohorts.

Gay Men Educational Outcomes

Gay men are more likely than straight men to enroll and complete college.

Lesbian Educational Outcomes

White lesbians, especially older cohorts, have higher educational attainment compared to straight women.

Bisexual Educational Outcomes

Bisexual individuals show levels of educational attainment similar to heterosexual counterparts.

Gay Boys Academic Behavior

Gay boys often show better grades and stronger pro-school attitudes despite discrimination.

Worker Explanation for Inequality

Wage gaps explained by differences in education, skills, or experience.

Discrimination Explanation

Wage gaps due to unequal treatment in hiring, promotion, or pay.

Motherhood Penalty

Mothers experience lower wages and perceived competence compared to childless women.

Fatherhood Premium

Fathers receive higher wages and perceived competence than childless men.

Tokenism

When a minority group makes up 15% of a workplace, leading to isolation and stereotyping.

Glass Ceiling

Invisible barriers preventing women from advancing to higher leadership positions.

Glass Escalator

Men in female-dominated jobs are pushed toward promotions and leadership roles.

Gay Wage Gap

Gay and bisexual men earn less than heterosexual men.

Lesbian Wage Gap

Lesbians often earn more than heterosexual women, although bisexual women earn less.

Causes of Wage Gaps

Differences in human capital, occupational segregation, marriage patterns, and discrimination.

Audit Studies

Researchers send identical résumés with different identity cues to test for discrimination.

Capital

Resources individuals possess that help them gain advantages in society.

Economic Capital

Material wealth such as money or property.

Cultural Capital

Knowledge, skills, and education that signal competence.

Social Capital

Resources gained through networks and relationships.

Bodily Capital

Physical traits that produce social advantages, like attractiveness.

Halo Effect

Attractive individuals are assumed to hold positive traits such as intelligence.

Outcomes Associated with Attractiveness

Wealth, relationship quality, credibility, education, and job success.

Unequal Distribution of Beauty

Standards of beauty vary by race, gender, class, and age.

Pretty Privilege

Attractive individuals receive greater social and economic rewards.

Lookism

Discrimination based on physical appearance.

Lookism and Inequality

Beauty standards that are racialized and gendered can reproduce racial and gender inequalities.