ANS001 - Feed and Ruminant Digestion Diagram | Quizlet

Bacteria

Microorganism present in the rumen to break down grass and hay.

Fiber

A tough complex carbohydrate found in forage and other fibrous feeds that most non-ruminants cannot digest. Ruminants are adapted to digest this material through the use of symbiotic bacteria in the rumen.

Cellulose

A major structural carbohydrate that is present in plant cell walls. Is a major part of the structural fiber in forages and can be utilized by microorganisms in the rumen. Is difficult to digest for monogastric animals.

Grazing

The act of feeding on plants. Different ruminants employing various techniques for feeding depending on their mouth anatomy and the type of forage they consume.

50 quarts

A mature cow produces up to ___________ of saliva per day.

Saliva

The fluid released when the mouth waters that plays an important role in both mechanical and chemical digestion. Also serves to buffer the pH in the rumen.

Prehension

The method by which an animal brings food to its mouth.

Tongue

The prehensile structure of cattle.

Lips

The prehensile structure of sheep, goats, and deer.

Mastication

The process of chewing food.

Peristalsis

Wave-like movement of digestive system muscles that functions to move material within the system.

TERM

Rumen

DEFINITION

First and largest ruminant digestive chamber, home to microorganisms that break down food items. Acts as a large fermentation vat.

Rumen Papillae

Tiny projections on the interior wall of the rumen which increase the surface area of the rumen and allow better absorption of digested nutrients.

80%

The rumen is_________ of the stomach capacity of ruminants.

Methane

Name of gas produced in the rumen

TERM

Reticulum

DEFINITION

Part of the ruminant stomach which acts as a filter. This is stop #2 in the ruminant digestive system. Often collects foreign objects such metals and plastics. Cud is regurgitated from the reticulum during rumination.

The reticulum is ___________ of the stomach capacity of ruminants.

5%

Reticulo-Rumen Fold

A fold of tissue that separates the reticulum from the rumen.

TERM

Omasum

DEFINITION

The 3rd stop in the ruminant digestive system. Chewed cud is deposited here. Works to remove water from food and absorb fatty acids.

The omasum is ___________ of the stomach capacity of ruminants.

7%

TERM

Abomasum

DEFINITION

The fourth compartment of a ruminant digestive system. Is a glandular stomach (like yours).

Secretes digestive juices and breaks down food stuff further for absorption. Also absorbs some nutrients.

The abomasum is ___________ of the stomach capacity of ruminant animals.

8%

Secretion of the abomasum

Hydrochloric Acid

Pepsin

Lysozyme (breaks down cell walls)

Eructation

Burping in cows and other ruminants, to prevent bloating.

Rumination or Cud Chewing

In ruminants, the process of regurgitation of ingesta from the reticulum , then re-mastication , then re-swallowing

Symbiosis in the Rumen

Ruminants provide home and food for anaerobic microbes, and microbes give proteins, vitamins, and the ability to digest fibrous feeds.

Reticular or Esophageal Groove

Structure present in baby ruminants where milk passes directly to the abomasum.

Cecum

Organ of ruminants consisting of a pouch connected to the beginning of the large intestine. Helps to further digest cellulose in fibrous feeds.

Ruminant digestion

the digestive system which involves multiple alkaline stomachs that facilitate the growth of microbes that digest cellulose as well as a single acid stomach that digests protein

Parts of the ruminant stomach

rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum

forage

Plant based material

Plant material/forge is conserved to help with storage long term, transport, and to preserve nutrients (e.g hay)

Fresh vs. "conserved"

grass (fresh alfalfa) v. dried alfalfa

Silage

grass or other green fodder compacted and stored in airtight conditions, typically in a silo, without first being dried, and used as animal feed in the winter.

Concentrates

grains, seeds, supplements/additives (molasses, minerals)

Plant growth/stage of life effect of nutrients

- Young plant material is very nutritious' and have a lot of water

- Older flowers have less water and are more dry

- By the time the plant has a head full of grains all the nutrients are in the grains and seeds now (STARCH)

Starch

A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.

Dry matter

The non water components of anything we feed to our animals

How to find dry matter

Evaporate water/dry and calculate the remaining percentage of dry material mass / mass of original (wet) mass.

Dry Matter Calculation

mass of dry/mass of original(wet) x 100

4 Major Nutrient Classes

Water, protein, fats, carbohydrates

Protein

chains of amino acids (nitrogen)

(Growing plants are high in proteins because they are trying to grow. The plant is taking Nitrogen from the atmosphere)

Fats

"TRIglycerides," high energy content

Triglycerides

built up of fatty acid chains (3) that are put on the backbone of glycerol. Often the form of extracted acid in food/feed.

Carbohydrates

Broken down to glucose to provide energy.

Legumes

Fix nitrogen from the atmosphere (unique ability of bacteria in the roots to take nitrogen from atmosphere and feed the plant)

- Alfalfa, Lentils, Peas/beans

Grasses

Plants with hollow, non-woody stems and narrow leaves (Leaf material very high in protein and crucial for diet)

Food energy content measurment

calories

calories

the energy required to raise one gram of water up 1°C

Diastema

The area of the mouth where trash can be sifted out while eating (like spitting out a stick, pebble, etc.)

rumen

A symbiotic relationship between ruminants and bacteria. Full of fluids and microbes (fermentation vat).

Rumen symbiotic relationship

Bacteria get: temperature, anaerobic, gas exchange, pH buffering, water, nutrients // Ruminants get: access to range of unique forages and feed, temperature, flexible intake pattern, and mixture of feedstuffs.

What goes into the Rumen?

Starch, structural carbohydrates, proteins, non-protein nitrogen, soluble carbohydrates, etc.

Ruminate

To regurgitate and consume food (chewing cud)

How does the rumen help provide nutrients?

Dead microbes leave the rumen and are "digested" down in the abomasum, their building blocks (amino acids) are a source of nutrition for the animal! (microbes replicate and die aplenty)

Hardware disease

Occurs when ruminants inadvertently consume metal, which migrates through their bodies, causing infection

enzymes

end with "-ase" and break down long chains of carbohydrates (and catalyze)

Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs)

Nutritive gasses that can be used for biological processes (gasses can diffuse across the walls of the rumen and into the blood and organs).

Acetate, Butyrate, and Propionate*

Anaerobic fermentation

produces many gasses, these are nutritious! BUT the gasses can cause bloat... which can be deadly.

How do lamb rumens differ?

Lambs get the nutrients from their mother’s milk from the abomasum

The “reticular groove” helps the milk bypass the rumen

parts of the small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Large intestine

Absorbs water across the wall back to blood for organs.