Chapter 12: Cognitive Psychology: Intelligence and Testing

anthropologist Francis Galton

The ________ had attempted to measure intelligence by means of reaction time tests.

**standardization sample**

a group of people who represent the entire population.

**Flynn effect**

supports the need to restandardize because the data indicates that the population has become smarter over the past 50 years.

**Reliability**

is a measure of how consistent a test is in the measurements it provides.

Validity

refers to the extent that a test measures what it intends to measure.

Robert Sternberg proposed that intelligence could be more broadly defined as having three major components

analytical, practical, and creative intelligence

Gardner has identified the following types of intelligence

verbal and mathematical (these are the two traditionally measured by IQ tests) as well as musical, spatial, kinesthetic, environmental, interpersonal (people perceptive), and intrapersonal (insightful, self-awareness)

**Internal validity**

is the degree to which the subject’s results are due to the questions being asked and not another variable.

**External validity**

is true validity—that is, the degree to which results from the test can be generalized to the “real world.”

**projective tests**

in which ambiguous stimuli, open to interpretation, are presented

**inventory-type tests**

in which participants answer a standard series of questions.

**Power tests**

gauge abilities in certain areas.

**Achievement tests**

assess knowledge gained; the Advanced Placement exams are of this type.

**Aptitude tests**

which evaluate a person’s abilities.

**Intelligence**

can be defined as goal-directed adaptive thinking.

**Francis Galton**

had attempted to measure intelligence by means of reaction time tests.

**speed of processing**

is an essential component of intelligence.

**Alfred Binet**

was a French psychologist who first began to measure children’s intelligence for the French government.

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**Lewis Terman**

modified Binet’s test to create a test commonly referred to as the **Stanford-Binet Test.**

**IQ** or **intelligence quotient**

Most modern psychologists measure an aspect of intelligence

**Charles Spearman**

proposed that there was a general intelligence (or ***g*** **factor)** that was the basis of all other intelligence.

**factor analysis**

a statistical measure for analyzing test data.

**Louis Thurstone**

a researcher in the field of intelligence, posited that we need to think of intelligence more broadly because intelligence can come in many different forms.

**Daniel Goleman**

a psychologist at Rutgers, has done recent work on the importance of **emotional intelligence** (being able to recognize people’s intents and motivations) and has created programs for enhancing one’s emotional intelligence.

**Crystallized intelligence**

is accumulated knowledge.

**Fluid intelligence**

is the ability to process information quickly and to solve new problems.

**Heritability**

is sometimes computed by comparing the IQs of identical twins who were raised separately.

heritability coefficient

also known as the heritability index, is a measure of how much an individual's traits are determined by genetics.

**Intellectual disability**

refers to low levels of intelligence and adaptive behavior.

**Savant syndrome**

is a rare phenomenon in which individuals with low IQ scores display certain specific skills at a very high aptitude.