Chapter 10 medical terminology systems: a body systems approach 7th edition

eversion

moves the sole of the foot outward

dorsiflexion

elevates foot

plantar flexion

lowers foot, points toe

ankyl/o

stiffness bent

kyph/o

humpback

lord/o

curve, swayback

myel/o

bone marrow, spinal cord

orth/o

straight

scoli/o

bent, crooked

brachi/o

arm

leiomy/o

smooth muscle

rhabd/o

striated

rhadbomy/o

striated muscle

chondr/o

cartilage

-asthenia

weakness

-clasi

to break

-clast

to break

-desis

binding, fixation

-malacia

softening

-physis

growth

-porosis

porous

-sarcoma

malignant tumor of connective tissue

Fracture

broken bone

simple fracture

bone is broken but does not protrude throug hthe skin

compound

a broken bone protrudes through the skin causing an external wound

complicated fracture

a broken bone injures an internal organ

communicated (multiple) fracture

the bone has broken into pieces

incomplete fracture

the fracture does not completely transverse the entire bone (greenstick fracture)

osteomyelitis

inflammation of a bone and muscles due to infection

osteoporosis

ambnormal condition of porous bone that makes patients more succeptible to fractures

scoliosis

curving of the spine

arthritis

inflammation of the joins

Muscular dystrophy

muscles waste away because they cannot get adequate nutrients

ankylosis

stiffness of the joints due to ridgity of the joint

Carpal tunnel syndrome

the median nerve becomes compressed, causing numbness in the fingers

herniated disc

one of the discs in the spine is inflamed and pushes on the spinal cord

Sprain

torn ligament

Strain

streched tendon

exacerbation

a worsening

arthritits

inflammation of the joints

kyphosis

humback

lordosis

swayback (pregnant)

myelocyte

bone marrow cell

myoma

tumor of the muscle

Osteoma

tumor composed of bone

bunion

deformity characterized by lateral deviation of the great toe turning towards the second toe

claudication

lameness, limping

contracture

fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin fascia muscle or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility

crepitation

cry grating sound or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing together indicating fracture of joint destruction

ganglion cyst

fluid filled tumor that most commonly develops along the tendons or joint of the wrists or hands or feet

hemarthrosis

effusion of blood into a joint cavity

reduction

a procedure that restores a bone to its normal position

open reduction

need surgery to put the bone back in place

closed reduction

can pull the bone back in place

laminectomy

spinal decompression

Bone immobilization

restrict movement to stabilize, protect and promote the healing process

casting

bone immobilization by application of a solid stiff dressing formed with plaster of paris

splinting

bone immobilization by application of an orthopedic device to the injured body part

traction

bone immobilization by application of weights and pulleys to align or immobilize fractures

Hypotonia

loss of muscular tone or a diminished resistance to passive streching

multiple myeloma

malignant tumor of plasma cells in the bone marrow

Phantom limb

perceived sensation, following amputation of a limb, that the limb still exists

rickets

from of osteomalacia in children caused by vitamin D deficiency, also called rachitis

sequestrum

fragment of necrosed bone that has become separated from surrounding tissue

spondylolisthesis

any subluxation of a vertebra from its normal position in relationship to the one beneath it

spondylosis

degeneration of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebae and related tissues

subluxation

partial or incomplete dislocation

Talipes equinovarus

congenital deformity of one or both feet in which the foot is pulled downward and laterally to the side, clubfoot

electromyography (EMG)

Use of electrical stimulation to diagnosis the health of muscles and the nerve cells that control them (motor neurons)

Amputation

partial or complete removal of an extremity due to trauma or circulatory disease

arthrocentesis

puncture of a joint space using a needle to remove accumulated fluid

arthroclasia

surgical breaking of an ankylosed joint to provide movement

arthroscopy

visual examination of the interior of a joint and its structures using a thin flexible fiberoptic scope called and arthroscope that contains a magnifying lens fiberoptic light and miniature camera that projects images on a monitor

bone grafting

implantation or transplantation of a bone tissue from another part of the body or from another person to serve as a replacement for damaged or missing bone tissue

bursectomy

excision of bursa (pad-like sac or cavity found in connective tissue usually in the vicinity of joints)

prosthesis fitting

replacement of a missing part by an artificial substitute such as an artificial extremity

revision surgery

surgery repeated to correct problems of a previously unsuccessful surgery or to replace a worn-out prosthesis

Bone revision surgery

revision surgery to correct misalignment of bones broken prostheses and bone fractures occurring around the prostheses

sequestrectomy

excision of an sequestrum (segment of necrosed bone)

synovectomy

excision of sunovial

Total hip replacement (THR)

surgical procedure to replace a hip joint damaged by degenerative disease, commonly arthritis

arthrography

series of radiography taken after injection of contrast material into a joint cavity, especially the knee or shoulder, to outline the contour of the joint

bone density test

noninvasive procedure that uses low energy x-ray absorption to measure bone mineral density and usually measures bones of the spine hip and forearm

discography

radiological examination of the intervertebral disk structures with injection of a contrast medium

lumbosacral spinal radiography

radiography of the five lumbar vertebrae and the fused vertebrae including anteroposterior lateral and oblique views of the lower spine

myelography

radiography of the spinal cord after injection of a contrast medium to identify and study spinal distortions caused by tumors cysts herniated intervertebral disks or other lesions

scintigraphy

nuclear medicine procedure that visualizes various tissues and organs after administration of a radionuclide

bone scintigraphy

scintigraphy in which the radionuclide is injected intravenously and taken up into the bone

calcium supplements

treat and prevent hypocalcemia

gold salts

treat rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting activity within the immune system

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

decrease pain and suppress inflammation

Salicylates

Relieve mild to moderate pain and reduce inflammation

muscle relaxants

relieve muscle spasms and stiffness