CSI FINAL

Algorithm

a sequence of instructions that solves a problem

string literal

Text in double quotes “ “ is called?

newline character

\n

//

single line comment begins with?

/* */

multi-line comment starts and ends with?

generates an error

what does the following code output? (if an error is generated, say “generates an error”)

/*

x = 5; /* comment here */

y = 6;

*/

cout « x « y;

syntax error

what kind of error is it when you violate a programming language’s rules on creating a program?

logic error

error that occurs while a program runs; program compiles but doesn’t run as intended

warning

compiler sometimes can report a ______, which indicates a possible logic error, but doesn’t actually stop the compiler from generating a program

memory

a circuit that can store 0s and 1s in a series of thousands of addressed locations

machine instructions

instructions represented as 0s and 1s

executable program

a sequence of machine instructions together form a(n)

assembly language instructions

used with assemblers to automatically translate human readable instructions into machine instructions

high-level languages

created to support programming using formulas/algorithms, more closely related to human thinking

compilers

programs that automatically translate high-level languages programs into executable programs

C

Which language is C++ derived from?

allocation

the process of determining a suitable memory location to store data like variables

character literal

surrounded in single quotes ‘ ‘

10, 15

What range of numbers am I generating from? ___ to ___

(rand() % 6) + 10

branch

a sequence of statements only executed under a certain condition

Precedence Rules

() → ! → Arithmetic Operators → Relational Operators → Equality/Inequality Operators → && → ||

** pay attention to this order! Don’t just breeze through with the name :)

c

What does the following return?

firstName = “Jacob”

cout « firstName.at(2)

push_back()

function that adds a character to the end of a string, or an element to the end of a vector

append()

function that adds one string to the end of another (string that goes on the end goes in the parentheses)

isalpha()

character function that returns true if alphabetic

isdigit()

character function that returns true if digit

isspace()

character function that returns true if whitespace

toupper()

character function that changes the selected character to the uppercase version

tolower()

character function that changes the selected character to the lowercase version of the letter

conditional expression

condition ? exprWhenTrue : exprWhenFalse

short circuit evaluation

skips evaluating later operands if the result of the logical operator can already be determined

break

statement that, in a loop, causes the immediate exit of a loop

continue

statement that, in a loop, causes the immediate jump to the loop condition check

enumeration type

declares a name for a new type and possible values of that type

eg: enum color {red, green, yellow};

top level domain

the last part of an internet domain name (like .com)

resize()

vector function that can be called to change the size of a vector

end

when resize() is called and the new size is larger than the old, elements are added to the ___ of the vector

end

when resize() is called and the new size is smaller than the old, elements at the ___ of the vector are deleted

back()

vector function that returns last element of a vector

pop_back()

vector function that removes the last element of a vector

size, equal

vectorA == vectorB returns true if the vectors are the same _____ and each element pair is _____

null character

strings in a char array must end with a _____ ________

strcpy()

copies sourceStr (include null char) to destStr. destStr must have enough space for sourceStr, including the null character

strncpy()

copies up to numChars characters from sourceStr. destStr must have enough space for the copied characters, including the null character.

strcat()

copies sourceStr to the end of destStr (starting at \0), then appends a null char. destStr needs enough space for all of sourceStr and the null char

strncat()

copies up to numChars characters from sourceStr to end of destStr, then appends a null char

strchr()

return NULL if searchChar doesn’t exist in sourceStr. Else, it returns the address of the first occurrence

strlen()

returns number of characters in sourceStr, not including the null char

strcmp()

returns 0 if str1 and str2 are equal, nonzero if they differ

str2

given strcmp(str1,str2), if a negative number is returned, which string is greater

str1

given strcmp(str1,str2), if a positive number is returned, which string is greater

isalnum()

returns true if char is alphabetic or numeric digit

islower()

returns true if char is lowercase

isupper()

returns true if char is uppercase

isblank()

returns true if char is blank character (includes spaces/tabs)

isxdigit()

returns true if char is hexadecimal digit (0-9, a-f, A-F)

ispunct()

returns true if char is punctuation char

isprint()

returns true if char is printable character (includes alphanumeric, punctuation, spaces)

iscntrl()

returns true if char is control char (all non-printable characters)

function

a grouping of predefined statements for repeatedly used operations

function definition

consists of the new function’s name and a block of statements

function call

an invocation of a function’s name, causing the function’s statements to execute

void

which return type indicates a function does not return any value?

parameter

a function input specified in a function definition

diameter

what is the parameter of this function?

double calcArea(double diameter) {…}

argument

a value provided to a function’s parameter during a function call

12.0

what is the argument used in this function/function call?

double calcArea(double diameter) {…}

int main() {

cout « “area is “ « calcArea(12.0) « endl;

modular development

the process of dividing a program into separate modules that can be developed and tested separately and then integrated into a single program

incremental development

the process in which a programmer writes, compiles, and tests a small amount of code, then writes/compiles/tests a small amount more, and so on.

function stub

a function definition whose statements have not yet been written

unit testing

the process of individually testing a small part/unit of a program (typically a function)

testbench

a separate program whose sole purpose is to check that a function returns correct output values for a variety of input values.

test vector

each unique set of input values in a testbench

local

each function call creates a new set of ______ variables

discarded

each return of a function causes its local variables to be ______

pass by value

normal parameters are _____ ___ _______, meaning the arguments value is COPIED into a local variable for the parameter

pass by reference

this type of parameter does NOT create a local copy of the argument, but rather, refers directly to the argument variable’s memory location

&

appending what symbol to a parameter’s data type makes it pass-by-reference?

reference

a variable type that refers to another variable

const

what keyword can be prepended to a function’s parameter to prevent the function from modifying it?

global variable

a variable declared outside any function (should be used sparingly)

function declaration

specifies the function’s return type/name/parameters, ending with a semicolon where the opening brace would’ve gone

default parameter value

when a function contains this, a function call can omit the last argument(s) and the program uses a default value instead.

end

default parameter values for a function should come at the ___ of a function definition

B

which of these is an invalid use of a function that includes default parameter values?

A : void PrintDate(int currDay, int currMonth = 1, int currYear = 2025, int printStyle = 0);

B : void PrintDate(int currDay = 10, int currMonth, int currYear = 2025, int printStyle = 0);

C : void PrintDate (int currDay, int currMonth, int currYear, int printStyle = 0);

function overloading

when a program has multiple functions with the same name but differing in number/types of parameters

distinct

function overloading is allowed as long as each has _____ parameter types

preprocessor

a tool that scans the file from top to bottom, looking for any lines that begin with #

preprocessor directive

a line that directs the preprocessor to modify the file in some way before the compilation continues

object

a grouping of data and operations that can be performed on that data

abstraction

means to have a user interact with an item at a high-level, with lower level internal details hidden from the usera

abstraction data type

a data type whose creation and update are constrained to specific, well-defined operations

class

construct that defines a new type that can group data/functions to form an object

public member functions

a class’ ____ _______ _______ indicate all operations a class user can perform on an object

implemented, behaves

a class user does not need to know how a class’ data and functions are ________, but only need to understand how each public member function _______.

member access operator

“.”, used to invoke a function on an object

private data members

variables that member functions of a class can access, but class users cannot

scope resolution operator

each member function has the class name and ::, known as the _____ _______ ________, preceding the function’s name.

inline member function

when a member function’s definition appears within the class definition, it is known as an ______ ______ ______

setter

this type of function can modify a class’ data members (aka mutator function)