Bio Lab Exam Notes

phylum porifera

sponges

two cell layers

filter feeders

hermaphrodites

mesoglea

jelly-like middle layer separating cnidaria layers

gastrovascular cavity

a central digestive compartment found in cnidarians

incomplete digestive system

a digestive system with a single opening that functions as the mouth and the anus

phylum platyhelminthes

flatworms

bilateral symmetry

reproductive organs, central nervous system

three tissue layers

no coelem

ex. tapeworms

organs

a group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function

mesoderm

middle tissue layer of platyhelminthes

ectoderm

outer tissue layer of platyhelminthes

endoderm

inner tissue layer of platyhelminthes

coelom

body cavity

bilateral symmetry

the ability of an organism to be divided evenly in half

protostomes

animals that possess a true/complete digestive system, having a distinct pattern of development including the first invagination of the blastula forming the mouth

blastula

a fluid filled ball of cells which is an early stage of embryonic development

pseudocoelomate animals

invertebrates with a fluid-filled body cavity

phylum nematoda

roundworms

do not have blood vessels

has a psuedocoelom

psuedocoelom

body cavity is not fully lined by the mesoderm

complete digestive system

a digestive system with a separate mouth and anus

coelomate animals

animals with complete body cavities

Phylum annelida

segmented worms

bilaterally symmetric

complete digestive system

closed circulatory system

have excretory organs called metanephridia

some have parapodia

ex. earthworms, leeches

closed circulatory system

a system within an organism in which blood is circulated and confined by vessels, arteries, etc.

chaetae

appendages, usually stiff hair-like bristles

metanephridia

paired, tube-like excretory organs, found in coelomate invertebrates

parapodia

paired, fleshy appendages that are used for movement

phylum onychophora

velvet worms

worm-like creature

segmented bodies and unjointed legs

use sticky string to trap prey

phylum molluska

second largest phylum in animal kingdom

four classes (3 we need) - bivalvia, gastropoda, cephalopoda

have muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle, and a mantle cavity, respiraory gills

class bivalvia

clams muscles, scallops

class gastropoda

snails and slugs

class cephalopoda

octopi and squids

have complex nervous systems and behaviors

gills

specialized respiratory organs found in aquatic animals

phylum arthropoda

arthropods

contains largest number of species

open circulatory system

segmented body

jointed legs

exoskelton made of chitin

developed nervous system, sensory organs, hormonal control

subphylum cheliceraformes

spiders, ticks, mites, scorptions, horseshoe crabs

body segmrents fused (cephalothorax)

pair of legs specialized into claw/mouths

second pair of legs specialzied into feeding structures

subphylum myriapoda

centipedes, millipedes

have many feet and sometimes antennae + mandibles

subphylum crustacea

crabs, shrimps, lobsters

most have 3 pairs of legs, others modified into antennae + mandibles

subphylum hexapoda

most notable group within are insects w/ three body regions

head, thorax (middle region + has legs), and abdomen

metamorphasis

in many insects - changes pupa to adult form

open circulatory system

type of circulation found in invertebrates, where blood is pumped by the heart directly onto organs

jointed legs

defining characteristics of arthropods, providing mobility and flexibility

exoskeleton

hard, rigid external covering that supports and protects an oranisms body

chitin

a tough, polysaccharide/polymer chain of N-acetylglucosamine

cephalothorax

fused head and chest of cheliceraformes

antennae

paired, segmented, movable appendages on the head of arthropods

mandibles

typically a jaw, primary feeding organ

tracheae

main airway tube connecting larynx to the lungs (windpipe)

larval stage

youth stage of insects that looks nothing like adult stage

deutrosomes

have a distinctive pattern of development including the second invagination of the blastula forming the mouth

phylum echinodermata

starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sea lilies, sand dollars

have five-fold radial symmetry as adults

larvae have bilateral symmetry

distinctive feature - water vascular symmetry

sedentary and slow-moving

water vascular system

system through which echinoderms pump water into and out of their tube feet - creates suction that allows them to adhere to surfaces

Tube feet

small muscular projections on the underside of echinoderms

phylum chordata

have all 4 at some point in lives:

have pharyngeal gill slits

a notochord

a muscular post-anal tail

a dorsal hollow nerve cord

notochord

a solid supportive carilaginous rod that runs along the dorsel surface

nerve cord

a bundle of nerve fibers contributing to a major part of the nervous system - cable between brain and body

subphylum cephalochordata

do NOT possess a backbone

small fish-like creatures that retain all of the chordate characteristics throughout their lives

filter feeders

adult bury into sand with head sticking out

ex. amphioxus or lancelet

subphylum urochordata

do NOT possess a backbone

adult tunicates are sedentary and remain fixed to bottom of ocean

feed by pumping water into its body

filter feeders

ex. tunicates or sea squirts

subphylum vertebrata

includes classes of fish, amphibians, reptiles (birds), and mammals

cyclostomes

jawless vertebrates, used for sucking onto things

class myxini

hagfish

only vertebrate (with lamprey) to lack jaws (cyclostomes)

no backbones, skeletons made of cartilage w/ rudimentary vertebrae

can secrete slime

rudimentary vertebrae

small, fused, underdeveloped vertebral segments forming coccyx (tailbone)

class petromyzontida

lampreys

only vertebrate to lack jaw (cyclostome

no backbones, skeletons made of cartilage

parasitic, feeding on bodily fluids of other fish

class chondrichthyes

sharks, rays and skates

skeletons are made almost entierly of cartilage

have fine scares, smooth appearance, mouths on ventral surface

moderate buoyancy w/ pectoral fins

osteichthyans

vertebrates with an ossified (bony) endoskeleton

class actinpterygii

ray-fined fish

parallel supporting structures in their fins

use a swim bladder to exchange gasses with bloodstream - believed modification of lung

class sarcopterygii

lobe-finned fish

includes coelacanth and lungfish (have lungs and gills, freshwater)

class amphibia

have tail and frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, caecilians adults develop legs and lungs

eggs laid in water or water-mich mineral

smooth skin that stays moist

amniotes

have amniotic eggs (have a shell)

paedomorphia

retaining juvenille features as an adult

class reptilia

spend time in water but no role in development

lay amniotic eggs which retain water

have scales made of keratin

are ectothermic (relies on external heat) except birds/aves (endothermic - produces own heat)

crocodiles, lizards, turtles

archaeopteryx

transitional fossil that is between a bird and dinosaur

class mammalia

generate milk to nurse their young

have hair

have 3 major lineages - monotremes, marsupials, eutherians

altricial

underdeveloped young

monotremes

egg-laying mammals

marsupials

have young that develop a rudimentary placenta in uterus

have underdeveloped young

eutherians

placental mammals

more developed at bith than marsupials

precocial

of a baby, advanced in their development

acoelomate animals

animals that have no body cavity and no digestive system or have an incomplete digestive track

mesohly

gelatinous substance which seperates class layers of porifera

hermaphrodites

organisms that contain both female and male sex organs

eumetazoan

true animals, they have tissues

all except porifera (sponges)

tissue

group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function in an organism

phylum cnideria

have radial symmetry

two cell layers

incomplete digestive system (only mouth)

gastrovasular cavity

no circulatory system

primitive nervous system (nerve net)

ex. jellyfish, sea anemones, corals

nematocysts

organelles within cnidaria that can sting organisms`

epidermis

outer layer of cnidaria

gastrodermis

inner layer of cnidaria

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