UNIT 5

Industrialization (1750-1900)

The development of industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living, improved manufacturing methods, and greater availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods.

Enlightenment Philosophies

Enlightenment thinkers applied new ways of understanding, emphasized reason, and developed political ideas about natural rights, the individual, and the social contract.

Nationalism

Nationalism became a major force shaping the historical development of states and empires, often preceding revolutions and rebellions against existing governments.

Scientific Revolution

The Scientific Revolution challenged traditional views, leading to the Copernican Hypothesis, advancements by scientists like Galileo and Newton, and the creation of an international scientific community.

Absolutism

Absolutism is a system of government where the monarch holds all power, supported by concepts like Divine Right and the use of nobility to maintain control.

Glorious Revolution (1688-1689)

The Glorious Revolution in England led to a limited monarchy, the English Bill of Rights, and the assertion of Parliament's role in government.

American Revolution (1765-1783)

The American Revolution was caused by taxes imposed on colonies, leading to the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the U.S. Constitution.

French Revolution (1789-1799)

The French Revolution began due to economic strife, unfair taxation, and social inequalities, resulting in moderate reforms, the Declaration of the Rights of Man, and the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.

Refractory Priests

Less than half of the clergy and only 7 out of 100 bishops took the oath of loyalty to the Revolution.

Royalists

Mostly nobles who desired a return to monarchy.

Ignored Groups in the French Revolution

Women, peasants, and Olympe de Gouges who was executed.

The Vendée

A bloody peasant revolt in Southwestern France in March 1793.

The Flight to Varennes

King's attempt to flee in 1791 for protection to the Legislative Assembly.

The Terror

A period from 1793-1794 led by Robespierre with as many as 40,000 people beheaded.

Haitian Revolution

Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture, resulting in Haiti's independence in 1804.

Congress of Vienna

Prioritized restoration, legitimacy, and balance of power in Europe post-Napoleonic Wars.

Industrial Revolution

Transition from agrarian to industrial economies, starting in Britain due to various preconditions.

Factory System

Mass production of goods by machines in a centralized location, revolutionizing production methods.

Meiji Restoration

A period in Japanese history (1868-1912) marked by the restoration of imperial rule under Emperor Mutsuhito Meiji, leading to modernization and westernization.

Treaty of Kanagawa

Signed in 1854 between the U.S. and Japan, opening two Japanese ports to American ships and establishing diplomatic relations.

Laissez-Faire Capitalism

Economic concept introduced by Adam Smith promoting minimal government intervention in business affairs, allowing free trade and market economy.

Meiji Constitution

Established in 1889, creating a Diet as a law-making body and implementing new laws to end torture, set court procedures, and strengthen the military.

Transnational Corporations

Companies operating in multiple countries, like the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation and Unilever, expanding their operations globally.

Marxism/Scientific Socialism

Philosophy advocating for public ownership of factories and means of production, as outlined by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the "Communist Manifesto."

Industrial Working Class

Comprised of factory workers and miners during the Industrial Age, facing poor working conditions and crowded living spaces.

New Financial Practices

Including Stock Markets and Limited Liability Corporations, enabling companies to raise funds and protect investments in the growing industrial economy.

Social Reform

Efforts to address issues like education, working conditions, and urban sanitation, leading to changes such as compulsory education laws and labor unions.

Industrialization in China

Marked by conflicts like the Opium Wars and attempts at modernization through the Self-Strengthening Movement in response to Western influence.