BIO11B-Exam2

Binomial nomenclature

A system of naming species using two Latin names: genus and species.

Class

A taxonomic rank below phylum and above order.

Domains

The highest taxonomic rank, including Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

Family

A taxonomic category that groups related genera.

Genus

A group of closely related species.

Kingdom

A large taxonomic category below domain that groups related phyla.

Order

A taxonomic rank below class and above family.

Phylum

A taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class.

Species

The most specific level of classification, consisting of individuals that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

Taxonomy

The science of classifying organisms.

Carolus Linnaeus

Developed the binomial nomenclature system for naming organisms.

Antibiotic

A substance that kills or inhibits bacterial growth.

Archaea

A domain of prokaryotic microorganisms that live in extreme environments.

Bacillus

A rod-shaped bacterium.

Binary Fission

A form of asexual reproduction in which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

Chemoheterotroph

An organism that obtains energy and carbon from organic molecules.

Coccus

A spherical-shaped bacterium.

Conjugation

Direct physical transfer of DNA via a pilus between two bacterial cells

Cyanobacteria

Photosynthetic bacteria that produces oxygen and were responsible for oxygenating Earth's atmosphere.

Eubacteria

A kingdom of prokaryotic organisms commonly found in diverse environments.

Gram-negative

Bacteria with a thin peptidoglycan cell wall and an outer membrane. Doesn’t hold in dye. Red

Gram-positive

Bacteria with a thick peptidoglycan cell wall and no outer membrane.

Halophiles

Archaea that thrive in high-salt environments.

Haploid

A cell with a single set of chromosomes.

Methanogen

Archaea that produce methane as a metabolic byproduct.

Nucleoid region

The area in a prokaryotic cell where genetic material is located.

Peptidoglycan cell wall

A structural component of bacterial cell walls.

Photoautotroph

An organism that uses light to make its own food from inorganic substances.

Photoheterotroph

An organism that uses light for energy but consumes organic compounds for carbon. Uses light

Pili

Hair-like structures on bacteria that aid in attachment and genetic exchange.

Plasmids

Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria that can carry additional genes.

Spirillum

A spiral-shaped bacterium.

Stromatolites

Layered structures formed by the activity of cyanobacteria.

Thermoacidophiles

Archaea that thrive in hot, acidic environments.

Transduction

The transfer of bacterial DNA by a virus.

Transformation

Uptake of DNA from the environment.

Alteration of Generations

A life cycle that alternates between haploid and diploid stages.

Alveolata

A group of protists including dinoflagellates, paramecium, and apicomplexans.

Amoebas

Protists that move using pseudopodia.

Choanoflagellida

A protist group considered to be the closest relatives of animals.

Cilia

Short, hair-like structures used for movement in some protists.

Diplomonads

A group of flagellated protists lacking mitochondria.

Endosymbiosis

A theory that explains the origin of eukaryotic organelles through symbiotic relationships.

Euglenozoa

A group of flagellated protists including Euglena and Trypanosomes.

Flagella

Long, whip-like structures used for movement.

Foraminifera

Marine protists with calcium carbonate shells.

Gametophyte

The haploid stage in the alternation of generations that produces gametes.

Lichens

A mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner.

Parabasalids

A group of anaerobic protists with flagella.

Plankton

Small, drifting organisms in aquatic environments.

Protozoa

Animal-like protists that are usually motile.

Pseudopodia

Extensions of the cytoplasm used for movement and engulfing food.

Rhodophyta

A group of red algae.

Slime molds

Protists that resemble fungi in their life cycle.

Spores

Reproductive cells capable of developing into a new organism without fusion.

Sporophyte

The diploid stage in the alternation of generations that produces spores.

Stramenopila

A diverse group of protists including brown algae, diatoms, and oomycetes.

Symbiosis

A close and long-term biological interaction between two organisms.

Asci

Sac-like structures where ascomycete spores are produced.

Ascomycetes

A fungal phylum known as sac fungi.

Ascospore

A spore produced inside an ascus.

Ascus

A sac where ascospores develop in ascomycete fungi.

Ascocarp

The fruiting body of ascomycete fungi.

Basidia

Club-shaped structures in basidiomycetes where spores develop.

Basidiospores

Spores produced by basidiomycete fungi.

Budding

A form of asexual reproduction where a new individual grows from the parent.

Chitin

A structural component of fungal cell walls.

Chytridiomycetes

A primitive fungal group with flagellated spores.

Coenocytic

Fungal cells without septa, containing multiple nuclei.

Conidiospores

Asexual spores produced by ascomycetes.

Dikaryotic stage

A fungal stage where two nuclei coexist in the same cell.

Ectomycorrhizae

mutualistic association between fungi and plant roots where the hyphae coats the root but does not penetrate root cells

Endomycorrhizae

Fungal associations that penetrate plant root cells, aiding nutrient exchange.

Gametangia

Structures where fungal gametes are produced.

Glomeromycetes

A fungal phylum forming symbiotic relationships with plant roots.

Glycogen

A storage form of energy in fungi.

Hyphae

Thread-like structures forming the body of a fungus.

Mycelium

The mass of hyphae that makes up the body of a fungus.

Mycorrhizae

Fungal-root associations that enhance nutrient absorption.

Nonseptate

Fungal hyphae without divisions between nuclei.

Parasitic

A relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of another.

Saprotrophic detritivores

Organisms that decompose and absorb nutrients from dead matter.

Septate

fungal hyphae that is divided into individual cells by cross-walls called septa

Sporangia

Structures where spores are produced.

Symbionts

Organisms that live in close association with another species.

Zygospore

Thick walled, resistant spore formed by zygomycete, sexual repo, can wait for better conditions

Gamete

haploid reproductive cell, such as a sperm or egg, that fuses with another gamete during sexual reproduction to form a zygote.

Mutualistic

A relationship where both organisms benefit.

What are the 5 Kingdoms?

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

What are the 3 domains?

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Seven characteristics all living organisms have

• Made of cells

• Obtain energy from the environment

• Respond to stimuli

• Reproduce

• Grow and develop

• Maintain homeostasis

• Have a shared evolutionary history

Two theories for the origin of life on Earth

Primordial Soup Hypothesis, Hydrothermal Vent Hypothesis

Antibiotics becoming less effective in controlling or eliminating disease

Antibiotic Resistance - The ability of bacteria to survive and grow despite exposure to antibiotics, often due to genetic mutations or acquiring resistance genes.

What are the differences between eubacteria and archea bacteria?

Eubacteria have peptidoglycan cell walls and live in common environments, while Archaea lack peptidoglycan, have unique lipid membranes, and thrive in extreme conditions.

Where might you find archea bacteria living?

Extreme environments: hot springs, deep-sea hydrothermal vents, high-salt lakes, acidic environments.

What are the differences between prokaryote and eukaryote cell structure?  Do bacteria have a true nucleus?

Prokaryotes are single-celled and have a nucleoid, while eukaryotes have a nucleus, can be multicellular, and are more complex. No.

How does genetic variation occur in an asexual organism like bacteria?

Through mutation and horizontal gene transfer

Why are Cyanobacteria important and what was their role in the evolution of life on Earth?

Perform oxygenic photosynthesis to oxygenate earths atmosphere. They led to the development of chloroplasts in plants.

What groups do we classify protists in and why?

• Animal-like protists (Protozoa) – Heterotrophic and motile.

• Plant-like protists (Algae) – Photosynthetic and autotrophic.

• Fungus-like protists (Slime molds & Water molds) – Decomposers with spore-producing abilities.