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taxonomy
grouping and classifying organisms to be able to study and understand them
3 Initial Kingdoms
plants, animals, rocks
6 Kingdoms
archaea, bacteria, eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, animals
order of organization
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
bacteria
cell walls made of peptidoglycan
pathogenic
reproduce via spores
prokaryotic
archaea
cell wall without peptidoglycan
membrane lipids
number of introns
reproduce by fission
prokaryotic
cocci
spherical shaped cells
bacilli
rod shaped cells
spirilla
spirical shaped cells
gram positive bacteria
cell walls have thick peptidoglycan layer, purple stain
gram negative bacteria
cell walls have thin peptidoglycan layer and outer membrane, pink stain
autotrophs
acquire cabon from inorganic sources
heterotrophs
acquire carbon from organic sources
phototrophs
acquire energy from the sun
chemotroph
obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic and organic chemicals
obligate aerobe
requires oxygen to generate ATP (cellular respiration)
obligate
all the time
obligate anaerobe
generates ATP without oxygen; oxygen is toxic
facultative anaerobe
generate ATP with or without oxygen
Koch’s Postulates
establish whether bacteria is pathogenic or not
arrive at the body surface of a potential host
enter the host’s body
evade the host’s defenses
reproduce inside the host (and)
infect a new host
acidophile
prefers low pH environment
halophile
prefers an extremely salty environment
thermophile
prefers extreme heat
modern methods of classification
molecular data
rRNA
philogeny
bacteria infections spread by
air, anthropods, direct contact, food and drink
beneficial effects of prokaryotes
break down organic waste and dead organisms
cycle chemical elements between organisms and environment
used in production of food
water and waster treatment
bioremediation
virus
tiny infectious agents that
have nucleic acid core (RNA/DNA)
have protein coat composed of capsomeres
may have envelope
viroids
infectious RNAs that affects plants
Prions
infectious proteins associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (not detected by immune system)
kingdom protista
represents a bridging between simplistic and complex life forms
eukaryotic
usually multicellular
have animal, plant, and fungal like
endosymbiosis theory
formation of first eukaryotic cells
two similar organisms came together and formed first eukaryotic cell
engulfed, not digested
cyanobacteria
photosynthetic bacteria
almost identical to mitchondria DNA
cells have evolved and is the variety we have
fungi
multicellular (except for yeast)
none are photosynthetic
cell walls contain chitin
most are terrestrial
how to fungi eat
fungi send out enzymes that break down “food” and then they absorb the enzymes
fungi cell wall that separates the cells
non coenocytic
septate hyphae
fungi cell wall that does not separate the cell
coenocytic
non-septate hyphae
fruiting body
mass of tightly aligned hyphae. pops up when ready for sexual reproduction
mycelium
mass of densely branched hyphase (usually underground)
spore
asexual habloid body (turns into fruiting body if there’s sex in lifecycle)
crustose
crusty, attaches and looks like surface
fruticose
attaches to surface and grows
foliose
peels off of surface
lichens
type of fungi consisting of crutose, fruticose, and foliose
chytridiomycetes
type of fungi that is microscopic, unicellular or multicellular, produces enzymes, has flagellum
dikaryotic phase
two nuclei have comes together but the DNA has fused yet
zygomycetes
type of fungi that are mostly terrestrial, nonseptate hyphae, reproduce asexually and sexually
ascomycetes
type of fungi that have sexual spores in small sac, uni and multicellular, reproduce asexually, form dikaryotic cells, used in a lot of everyday life
basidiomycetes
fungi that is mostly terrestrial, uni and multicellular, sexual and asexual reproduction, dikaryotic for most of their life
Anamalia
multicellular eukaryotes
ingestive heterotrophs
cells secrete extracellular matrix
most reproduce sexually
diploid somatic cells & haploid gametes
asymmetrical
not symmetrical
radial symmetry
can divide from top to bottom right down the middle
bilateral symmetry
when divided top to bottom, there is only one plane that is exactly symmetrical
monoblastic
does not have differentiated tissue types
diploblastic
endoderm and ectoderm
triploblastic
endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm
protostome
coelomate embryo with determinate spiral cleavage
blastospore forms mouth
deuterosome
coelomate embryo with indeterminate radial cleavage
blastospore forms anus
coelom
cavity completely aligned with mesoderm, must be tripoblastic
segmentation
you can tell which part of the body is which on an animal
porifera
sponges
asymmetrical, aquatic, no ectoderm, mesoderm, or tissue
cnidaria
jellyfish, hydras, corals, sea anemones
diploblastic, aquatic, two body forms (polyp, medusa), have stinging cells
Platyhelminthes
planaria, flukes, tapeworms
triploblastic, acoelomate, free living or parasitic, incomplete digestive system, hermaphroditic (both sexes on same individual)
Mollusca
clams, snails, slugs, octupus, squids
triploblastic, unsegmented, aquatic, reproduce sexually
Mollusk classification
bivalves (2 part hinged shell)
gastropods (shells and crawling foot)
cephalopods (modified foot in head region)
Annelida
segmented worms (little ring)
triploblastic
segmented
closed circulatory system
reproduce sexually
Nematoda
round worms
triploblastic
unsegmented
free living or parasitic
digestive system is complete
reproduce sexually
Arthropoda
triploblastic
segmented
bilateral symmetry
exoskeleton made of chitin
reproduce sexually
Arthropod groups
trilobita (extinct)
chelicerata (horshoe crabs, spiders, mites, 8 legs)
crustacea (lobster, crayfish, crab)
Uniramia (insects)
Echinodermata (starfish, sand dollar)
Chordata
notochord
postnatal tail
dorsal hollow nerve chord
pharyngeal gill pouches or slits
Vertebrata
posses a vertebral column
reproduce sexually
groups of verbrata
fish
amphibians
reptiles
birds
mammals
Note
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