Ch. 11 - Mothers & Infants: Nutrition Assessment, Services, and Programs

TERMS

a) Define Infant mortality Rate (IMR)

b) Define Low birthweight (LBW)

c) Define Very Low birthweight (VLBW)

d) Define Maternal mortality rate

a) Infant deaths UNDER ONE YEAR OF AGE, expressed as the number of deaths per 1,000 LIVE births

b) A birthweight of 5 POUNDS/ 2,500g or less used as a predictor of poor health:

- in the newborn

- & possibly poor nutrition status of the mother during and/or before pregnancy

c) less than 3 lbs 4 oz or 1,500g

d) women's deaths assigned to causes related to pregnancy, expressed as number of deaths per 100,000 LIVE births

TRENDS MOM & BABY HEALTH

a) What is the IMR (Infant mortality rate) in the U.S. as of 2019

b) Globally, what was the IMR in 2017?

c) What is the U.S.'s global IMR ranking compared to other countries? ~

d) What was California's IMR ranking compared to other states in 2017? ~

e) What race had the highest infant mortality rate according to a 2011-2013 review? ~

f) What country had the highest Infant mortality rates according to a 2016 review? ~

a) 5.8 per 1000 live births

b) 29 deaths per 1,000. (There are Ethnic disparities)

c) 170th on the list

d) CA = 3.7-4.6

e) Black

f) Africa

TRENDS MOM & BABY HEALTH

What are the 5 contributing factors to infant mortality?

1. Low birth weight

2. Birth defects

3. Preterm delivery

4. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

5. Maternal complications

HEALTHY MOTHERS

a) The Health of mothers is determined by what factors?

b) Healthy mothers (pregnant & lactating) have increased caloric need of:

c) It is important that mothers have an appropriate ___________ ___________ during pregnancy.

a) Genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors

b) 2,200-2,900 calories/day

c) weight gain

PREGNANCY WEIGHT GAIN

a) Women who begin pregnancy at a healthful weight should gain:

b) Women pregnant with twins should gain:

c) Women pregnant with triplets should gain:

d) Underweight women should gain:

e) Overweight women should gain:

f) Obese women should gain:

g) Adolescents should gain:

a) 25-35 lbs

b) 35-45 lbs

c) 44-55 lbs

d) 28-40lbs

e) 15-25 lbs

f) 11-20 lbs

g) 30-35 lbs

PREGNANT ADOLESCENTS

What are the risk factors associated with adolescent pregnancy?

1. Pregnancy-related HTN

2. Iron-deficiency anemia

3. Prolonged labor

4. Premature birth

5. LBW infants

6. Stillbirths

7. Highest prevalence of IMR

HEALTHY BABIES

a) When does a baby's birth weight double?

b) When does a baby's birth weight triple?

c) What is Failure to Thrive (FTT)?

a) in the first 4-6 months

b) by the END of the 1st year

c) Inadequate weight gain of infants

HEALTHY BABIES - MONITORING GROWTH

a) What growth charts are used for babies 0-2 years?

b) What growth charts are used for 2-20 year olds?

a) WHO Child Growth Standards

b) CDC growth charts

GROWTH CHARTS

a) What is the purpose of Growth Charts?

b) If an infant is > 95th percentile they have:

c) If an infant is <5th percentile they are categorized as:

d) If an infant is <10th percentile they are:

a) Compares how infant ranks in comparison with population data for that infant's specific age & sex

b) Excessive weight

c) Failure to Thrive

d) suspect for FFT

DOMESTIC MATERNAL & INFANT NUTRITION PROGRAMS

a) What are the benefits of Domestic Maternal & Infant Nutrition program WIC?

b) Name 3 other programs:

1. Improves dietary quality

2. More efficient food purchasing

3. Better use of health services

4. Improved maternal, fetal, and child health

b) - SNAP

- WIC Farmer's Market Nutrition Program

- & Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Programs (EFNEP): which provides low-income individuals like youth & families with young children with the knowledge, skills, and desire to adopt & maintain a nutritious diet.

US DHHS PROGRAMS

a) What is the Title V Maternal & Child Health Program?

b) What services does the Title V Maternal & Child Health Program provide?

a) Services & program to reduce infant mortality and improve child & maternal health. States receive federal funds to promote, improve, and deliver maternal, infant, and child health care. PLUS Services, programs, and facilities to locate, diagnose, and treat children who have special health care needs or who are at risk of physical or developmental disabilities.

b) Nutrition assessment, Dietary counseling, Nutrition education, & Referrals to food assistance programs for infants, preschoolers, school-aged children, & women of child bearing age.

US DHHS PROGRAMS

What is Medicaid?

Financial access to health care for the economically disadvantaged. States are required to provide Early Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment (EPST) as a mandatory Medicaid service

US DHHS PROGRAMS

a) What is the Health Centers Program?

b) Who was the Health Centers Program Initiated by?

c) What populations does the Health Centers Program serve?

a) Provides health services & related training in medically under-served areas

b) the office of Economic Opportunity in 1966

a) Populations with limited access to healthcare:

- Low income

- Uninsured

- Migrant & Seasonal farmworkers

US DHHS PROGRAMS

a) What is the goal of the community-based program called Healthy Start Program?

b) How did it start?

c) How much as this program grown?

d) What services does this program provide?

a) To identify & support:

- community-based approaches to reduce IMR &

- *improve the health of low-income women, children, and infants, and their families

b) Started in 1995 in 15 communities with IMR at least 1.5 times the U.S. national average

c) Grown to 100 Healthy Start projects in 37 states & Washington, DC. w/ close collaboration with local, state, regional, and national partners

d) - Provides prenatal care

- Promotes positive prenatal health behaviors

- Home visits

- Increase consumer & community participation in health care decisions

WHAT ARE THE FOUR US DHHS PROGRAMS?

1. Child Health Program

2. Medicaid

3. Health Centers Program

4. Healthy Start Program

LOOKING AHEAD: IMPROVING MOM & INFANT HEALTH

In order to improve the Health of Mothers & Infants:

a) What two things should be available to all pregnant women with low incomes?

b) What should be appropriated to make WIC available to all pregnant low-income women?

c) Nutrition counseling & education should be provided to who?

d) What should health insurance policies include?

a) 1. Food supplementation

2. Nutrition Education

b) Additional federal funds

c) all pregnant women whose care is FINANCED BY MEDICAID

d) - Prenatal counseling

- reimbursable service for all pregnant women living in the U.S.