A&P II: Module 8: The Digestive System (Part 1)

Choose the answer choice described in the following statement. Wavelike smooth muscle contractions that move foodstuffs through the alimentary tube.

Peristalsis

The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ________.

digestion

The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task?

villi, and microvilli

Choose the answer choice described in the following statement. Process by which simpler chemical units pass through the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract into the blood or lymph.

Absorption

Which of the following is least involved in the mechanical breakdown of food, digestion, or absorption?

the esophagus

The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________.

collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing in the liver

You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal?

amylase

Outline the flow of food through the digestive tract from the mouth to the anus.

Mouth -> Pharynx -> Esophagus -> Stomach -> Small Intestine -> Duodenum -> Jejunum -> ileum -> Large Intestine -> Cecum -> Ascending Colon -> Transverse Colon -> Descending Colon -> Sigmoid Colon -> Rectum -> Anus

Describe the nerve supply to the digestive tract.

The digestive tract is supplied by both intrinsic and extrinsic nerves. The intrinsic nerve supply, also known as the enteric nervous system, includes the submucosal and myenteric plexuses, which regulate local activities such as secretion and muscle contraction. The extrinsic nerve supply comes from the autonomic nervous system: parasympathetic nerves, which is primarily the vagus nerve, enhance digestive activity, while sympathetic nerves inhibit it.

Describe the role of the pancrease, liver and gallbladder in digestion.

The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes l(amylase, lipase, and proteases) into the small intestine to break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. It also releases bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid. The liver produces bile, which emulsifies fats to aid in their digestion and absorption. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile, releasing it into the small intestine when fats are present.

Proximal convoluted tubule is_______.

Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs

Glomerulus is ______.

Site of filtrate formation

Peritubular capillaries are________.

Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells

Collecting duct is___________.

Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule

The path urine takes after it is formed until it leaves the body is the urethra, urinary bladder, and finally the ureter.

false

The entire responsibility for urine formation lies with the nephron.

true

The collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH.

false

State the 4 organs of the urinary system and their functions.

The 4 organs of the urinary system and their functions:

1. Kidneys – Filter blood to remove waste products and form urine. They also regulate electrolyte balance, blood pressure, and pH.

2. Ureters – Transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder through peristaltic movements.

3. Urinary Bladder – Temporarily stores urine until it is ready to be excreted.

4. Urethra – Conducts urine from the bladder to the outside of the body during urination.

State the vessel that feeds blood into and the vessel that sends blood out of the glomerulus.

The afferent arteriole feeds blood into the glomerulus.
The efferent arteriole carries blood out of the glomerulus.

State the structures (in order) that urine flows through as it goes from the renal pyramid to the ureter.

1. Renal pyramid

2. Minor calyx

3. Major calyx

4. Renal pelvis

5. Ureter

Role of Liver?

Produces and secretes bile into the small intestine and gallbladder

Role of Gallbladder?

Stores bile produced by the liver, concentrates bile and releases it into the small intestine

Role of Pancreas?

Secretes pancreatic juice which contains enzymes that breakdown carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.