Chemistry Paper 2 Topics

Rate of reaction

A measure on how quickly a reaction takes place.

Gradient line

The gradient of the line on a rate of reaction graph gives the instantaneous rate.

Factors affecting rates of chemical reactions

Concentrations, Catalysts, Surface area, Pressure, and Temperature.

Collision Theory

Explains how different factors affect the rate of a reaction.

Activation energy

Minimum amount of energy that particles need for a reaction to happen.

Frequency of collisions

The greater the frequency of successful collisions, the greater the rate of reaction.

Catalysts

Changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up in the reaction.

Le Chatelier’s Principle

Predicts how changing the conditions can affect a reaction at equilibrium.

Equilibrium

A state in a reaction where the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reversible reaction.

Endothermic change

When a chemical change takes place with the absorption of heat energy.

Crude oil

A naturally occurring compound, most of which are hydrocarbons.

Hydrocarbons

Compounds of hydrogen and carbon only.

Fractional distillation (Paper 2 term)

Different hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated by fractional distillation.

Petrochemicals

Substances and materials produced from crude oil, such as detergents, lubricants, polymers, and solvents.

Viscosity

Measure of how easily a substance flows.

Cracking

Chemical process that breaks down hydrocarbons with large molecules to produce more useful substances with smaller molecules.

Alkenes

Hydrocarbons that contain carbon-carbon double bonds.

Alkene molecules

Contains C=C bonds.

Nitrogen in the Air

80%.

Oxygen in the Air

20%.

How is Oxygen produced?

By photosynthesis, in algae and plants.

Greenhouse Gases

Contain Nitrogen (N2O), Carbon dioxide (CO2), and Methane (CH4).

Atmospheric Pollutants

Harmful substances released into the air.