Chemistry Paper 2 Topics

Rate of reaction: A measure on how quickly a reaction takes place

Gradient line: The gradient of the line on a rate of reaction graph gives the instantaneous rate.

Five common factors that affect the rates of chemical reactions: Concentrations, Catalysts, Surface area, Pressure and Temperature

Collision Theory: Explains how different factors affect the rate of a reaction

Activation energy: Minimum amount of energy that particles need for a reaction to happen

Frequency: The greater the frequency of successful collision, the greater the rate of reaction.

Catalysts: Changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up in the reaction

Le Chatelier’s Principle: Predict how changing the conditions can affect a reaction at equilibrium.

Equilibrium: A state in a reaction where the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reversible reaction.

Endothermic change: When a chemical change takes place with the absorption of heat energy

Crude oil: A naturally occurring compound, most of which are hydrocarbons.

Hydrocarbons: Compounds of hydrogen and carbon only.

Fractional distillation: Different hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated by fractional distillation.

Petrochemicals: Substances and materials produced from crude oil. (Detergents, Lubricants, Polymers and Solvents

Viscosity: Measure of how easily it flows

Cracking: Chemical process that breaks down hydrocarbons with large molecules to produce more useful substances with smaller molecules.

Alkenes: Hydrocarbons that contain carbon-carbon double bonds

Alkene molecules: Contains C=C bonds.

How much Nitrogen in the Air: 80%

How much Oxygen in the Air: 20%

How is Oxygen produced: By Photosynthesis, in algae and plants.

What do Greenhouse Gases contain: Nitrogen(N20), Carbon dioxide( CO2) and Methane ( CH4)

Atmospheric Pollutants: Harmful substances released in the air.