2.1 ATI Principles in Community and Public Health Nursing

Community health nursing

Nursing care that focuses on the overall health of the community, including individuals, families, and groups.

Public health nursing

Nursing care that is population-focused and strives to prevent disease, extend life, promote health, and increase efficiency through a coordinated community effort.

Community

A group of people who share or have common beliefs and have a common purpose.

Advocacy

Pleading and supporting a cause, idea, or policy for clients, communities, systems, family, and profession.

Nursing advocacy

Supporting clients' rights to make their own decisions about their health. 

Six client rights

self-determination, confidentiality, access to health care, choice, information, and redress

Examples of self-determination

• The right to informed consent

• The right to take part in clinical decisions and treatment alternatives

Examples of confidentiality

• The right to information privacy

• The right to access one’s own medical record

Examples of access to health care

• The right to benefit from medical treatment

• The right to obtain timely, safe, and high quality of care

Examples of choice

• The right to choose a health care provider

• The right to a second opinion

Examples of information

• The right to information about one’s health

• The right to information about health care providers

• The right to information about rights and entitlements

Examples of redress

• The right to dispute and oppose

• The right to compensation

Four stages of the advocacy process

1. Evaluate the client’s needs

2. Identify the client’s goals working with the client to create goals

3. Develop a plan to meet the goals

4. Evaluate the results of the advocacy steps

Health literacy

The degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information needed to make appropriate health decisions.

Characteristics of a Healthy Community

• Educational opportunities

• Economic opportunity

• Infrastructure that includes recreational activities and essential services (sanitation, transportation, utilities)

• Safe environment

• Opportunities for health care

• Diversity in leadership and decision-making

Scope of nursing practice key questions (ANA)

First six standards of practice

1. Assessment: Relevant data and information is collected.

2. Analysis: The data is analyzed, and actual or potential diagnoses are formed.

3. Outcomes Identification: Expected outcomes/goals are determined.

4. Planning: The plan of care is developed.

5. Implementation: Interventions are implemented.

6. Evaluation: The progress of care is evaluated, goals and outcomes met or not.

Remaining standards of practice

1. Ethics

2. Advocacy

3. Respectful and equitable practice

4. Communication

5. Collaboration

6. Leadership

7. Education

8. Scholarly inquiry

9. Quality of practice

10. Professional practice evaluation

11. Resource stewardship

12. Environmental health

Eight practice domains community/public health nursing competencies

1. Assessment and analytic skills

2. Policy development/program planning skills

3. Communication skills

4. Cultural competency skills

5. Community dimensions of practice skills

6. Public health sciences skills

7. Financial planning, evaluation, and management skills

8. Leadership and systems thinking skills

Types of cases brought to the board of nursing

practice-related, drug-related, boundary violations, sexual misconduct, abuse, fraud, positive criminal background check

Values

A person’s principles or standards of behavior; one’s judgment of what is important in life.

Minnesota Model for Public Health Nursing Practice

Four principles of nursing ethics

1. Autonomy - the ability to explain one’s actions and  make informed decisions independently.

2. Beneficence - actively promote all good benefits, protecting one from harm by taking positive action helping others.​​​​​​​

3. Nonmaleficence - the practice of  “do no harm” by balancing the risks and benefits of care.

4. Justice - the principle of fairness, commitment to provide fair treatment on the basis of equality and equity.

Social justice

Equal rights and equitable opportunities for all.

Social determinants of health (SDOH)

Conditions that are formed by social, economic, and political forces where people are born, grow, live, work, and age.

Inequities

Instances of injustice or unfairness.

16 Elements of the social contract

Professional Societal Expectations of Nursing

• Caring service

• Privacy of the patient

• Knowledge, skill, and competence

• Hazardous service

• Responsibility and accountability

• Progress and development

• Ethical practice

• Collaboration

• Promotion of the health of the public

​​​​​​​Nursing’s Expectations of Society

• ​​​​​​​Autonomy of practice

• Self-governance

• Title and practice protection

• Respectful and just remuneration

• Freedom to practice

• Workforce sustainability

• Protection in hazardous service

Five ways public policy can influence health