unit 2 part 1

Portuguese

Portuguese

first to develop oceangoing vessels for long exploratory voyages called caravels 

Portuguese in 1418-1470s

launched a series of exploratory expeditions and began to conquer African islands on the west coast (Cape Verde, Madeira, Sao Tome, Principe) 

commercial treaties

due to lack of cannons and guns, West African rulers were weak, they then agreed to supply the Portuguese w Africans for European goods 

first Africans in Americas

arrived in Americas with or shortly after Columbus by being "employed" as seamen on the voyages (landed in Haiti and DR)

Africans to Americas before 1620

300,000 Africans landed in the Americas 

15th/16th century Africans w Americas

Africans were conquistadores, enslaved laborers, and free skilled workers/artisans 

Ladinos

earliest Africans in the New World who were latinized Black ppl who lived most of their early lives in Spain n Portugal + colonies; spoke Spanish or Portuguese; no sympathy for indigenous ppl of Americas; Europeans liked them because they shared same language n perspective 

Juan Garrido

traveled to the Americas to take part in the Spanish conquest, born in West Africa, later became agricultural innovator, served 30 yrs of service to Spanish crown, he invaded Cuba and Puerto Rico 

scope of Transatlantic Slave Trade

lasted over 350 years (1400s-1800s), 12.5 million enslaved Africans were forcibly transported to Americas, 5% of those who survived came directly from Africa to US 

Brazil and Caribbean

largest importers of enslaved Africans in the Americas 

5 largest enslaving nations

Portugal, GB, France, Spain, Netherlands

major ports

Senegambia, Sierra Leone, Winward coast, Benin, Gold Coast, Angola, Congo 

1600s-1700s

slave trade explodes> internal slave trade due to pitting against African leaders> capturing others > European slave trade settlements rarely sold their own ppl

Elmina castle

in Ghana, owned by Portuguese, turn it into a port system holding enslaved ppl in the dungeon until the next ship goes out 

Charleston SC

48% of all Africans who landed in the US landed here; center of slave trade 

Carolina set up

set up by Barbadian white planters as a port and plantation

differences in African ethnic groups

because of the different cultural practices, languages, and belief systems> diffused into AA communities (Wolof, Igbo, Yoruba, Akan) 

Asiento system

Spain created trade agreements in which it authorized European merchants to ship enslaved Africans directly from Africa to the New World 

traveling in chained groups

iron collars and chains, wooden yokes, forced to carry goods or food, would be whipped and dragged if not moving or was ill 

Barracoons

bottom of castle, barracks, where enslaved were placed when they reached coastline

journey for the enslaved

fed only to keep alive, confined for several months, lack of clothing and no bathroom facilities, underground dungeons, barely above water, saltwater, completely dark, would sometimes be in temporary barracks 

door of no return

door that exited their dungeons that opened up to the sea to board the ships, many Africans didn't know what was/or going to happen; gathered unhealthy Africans to combat resistance

middle passage

traveling to Americas was abt 50-90 days, children 15-21% in ships, loose packing, tight packing, men were shackled, women and children would be together, suicide + depression were common, disease was rampant, if they didn't participate 

African resistance on ships

staged hunger strikes, attempted to jump overboard, overcame linguistic differences to form revolts /// these resistances made the slave trade more expensive and dangerous and led to change in design of ships 

Amistad Trial

1839, Mende captives from Sierra Leone, led by Sengbe Pieh, led enslaved Africans in one of the largest revolts aboard a slave ship, they took over the ship and after 2 years were granted freedom from the Supreme Court 

public auctions

put tar on enslaved to hide cuts/scars, they were inspected, highest bidder would make purchase, enslaved were branded, families were separated, enslaved were given European names 

private auctions

similar to public auctions, they were indoors + red markers would be placed on the door to indicate an auction 

scramble

took place on docks/decks of ships, fixed price per hand, slave owners would go in and grab who they wanted to purchase 

destabilizing West African societies

African rulers, merchants, and middlemen profited from trade but majority of continent inhabitants did not; warfare between groups; constant raids; impacting population growth; slowly Europeans started to withdraw from slave trade and moved into Imperialism 

1808

US govt banned the transatlantic slave trade leading to enslaved populations growing primarily through childbirth 

lower south and cotton

SC, GA, FL, AL, MS, LA, TX dominated in the slave-cotton system due to creation of cotton gin 

cotton gin

made it easier and faster to pick cotton and remove the flower from the seed 

second middle passage

many enslaved people were forcibly moved to the lower south from the upper south to aid the cotton economy (2.5 more ppl than had arrived from Africa) 

AA skills

blacksmithing, basket-weaving, cultivation of rice + indigo, etc

“group/gang” system

enslaved worked in groups from sunup to sundown; under watch of overseer; cultivated crops; created work songs (in english) 

task system

enslaved ppl worked individually until they met a daily quota, less supervision, cultivation of crops like rice + indigo, less supervision, some enslaved ppl found autonomy to maintain linguistic practices 

economic effects

slavery deeply entrenched wealth disparities along the US racial lines; enslaved had no wages, no legal right to accumulate property, depended on enslaver's decisions 

3/5ths

a way to gain votes/people for electoral college, house of reps, delegates 

fugitive slave law

if enslaved ppl fled, it was seen as a crime and were to be sent back to their former plantation 

slave codes

transforming African captives into chattel slaves, colonists developed legal codes that established slavery 

free states

enacted laws to deny free AA opportunities for advancement, barred entry of free AA, prohibited voting + testifying against white ppl 

social construction

a theory that people develop knowledge of the world in a social context and that much of what we perceive as reality depends on shared assumptions (things that are seen as natural/normal) 

race

shorthand term that is used to describe + categorize ppl into groups based on skin color, physical features, hair texture, n genetic heredity; social construct 

status in society

diff levels from social construction; race, social class, gender, sexual orientation, etc; phenotypes contribute largely to perceptions of racial identity 

hypodescent

the automatic assignment of children of mixed race to the subordinate group ("who is superior who is inferior") 

Partus Sequitur Ventrum

1662 enacted law of hereditary slavery; the status of mother determined the status of the child, started in Virginia after Elizabeth Key sued or her freedom 

names used

terms like Negro, Colored, African, and Afro American (pre 60s) switches into the term "Black" to describe AA (60s) 

different names emerging

often ostracizing certain members of the overall community>>> led to topic of the question of the name of Black identities 

1565 St. Augustine

oldest continuously occupied settlement of AA + European origin in the US; never developed large plantations, enslave population was small, military outpost 

1693 St. Augustine

Spanish King Charles 2 had a royal proclamation to grant liberty to fugitive slaves if they converted to Catholicism, this enticed enslaved ppl to seek freedom which angered the British so they led military assaults 

1738 St. Augustine

governor of Spanish Florida established a settlement under the leadership of Francisco Menendez (enslaved Senegambian), fighting against the English in the Yamasee War and finding refuge in St. Augustine 

Fort Mose

first sanctioned free Black town in what is now the US in St. Augustine; in 1739 was captured + destroyed by GB 

Salzburgers

protestant Germans, believed slavery would weaken close-knit sector through plantation system, alarmed by black uprising and the practicality of having enslaved people, didn't necessarily think it was morally wrong 

causes of Stono rebellion

large plantations outnumbered white enslavers, cruelty of slavery, hot summers, Malaria epidemic, Fort Mose gave hope n freedom to those who converted to Catholicism 

Stono rebellion

1739 SC. Jemmy, an enslaved man from the Angola region, led nearly 100 enslaved AA, setting fire to plantations and marching towards sanctuary in Spanish Florida 

aftermath of Stono rebellion

British province of SC passed restrictive slave codes in 1740 

SC Negro Act 1740

white ppl were free to kill whoever if a rebellion was active, Black enslaved ppl could not have trial, enslaved ppl couldn't travel beyond the bounds of plantation w out ticket/permission 

Saint Domingue

18th century original name for Haiti 

Haiti

France's wealthiest overseas colony, generated more revenue for France than all 13 North American colonies for GB; produced sugar, coffee, indigo, cotton by enslaved labor force; more enslaved ppl than white planters on the island 

Causes of Haitian Revolution

influenced by French revolution 1789, new ideas such as human rights, universal citizenship, participation in government; white ppl on Saint Domingue support independence from France but they still supported institution of slavery 

Haitian Revolution

1791-1804 overthrow of French regime; led by Toussaint l'Overture, by 1792 he controlled 1/3 of the island; France brought reinforcements but failed to settle revolution; 1801 they expanded revolution to DR; abolished slavery in Spanish-speaking colony and declared himself governor 

1802 Haitian Revolution

L'Overture was captured and taken to France, leading France to get control of the island but Jean-Jacques Dessaline continued revolution and defeated the French in 1804 

Maroon’s role in Haitian revolution

maroon’s disseminated info across disparate groups and organized attacks similar to guerrilla warfare; would hide in mountains, forests, and would later attack white-owned plantations 

Louisiana purchase

to keep Saint Domingue from revolting France needed money; selling Louisiana territory funded French army to fight enslaved rebellions; sold to US instead of GB; fostered spread of slavery 

Haitian Independence

January 1, 1804 and renamed to Haiti; first black republic in the world to win its independence from European power; they were forced to pay reparations to FR for 122 yrs in exchange for recognition from FR as a republic