SLP A&P Exam #3

When the VP port is closed, where does nearly all the sound energy pass through

oral cavity

T/F During speech breathing inspirations are routed through both the nose and the mouth

true

During speech breathing speech tasks need long inspirations and long expirations

false

List three characteristics of a submucous cleft

a bifid uvula can be present, bluish gray tint on the soft palate, effect feeding and speech production, the mucus membrane is intact even though there is a hole between the two palates

A striking feature for children with cleft palates is substitutions of glottal stops for what class of sounds

stops

List three characteristics of an oral or nasal fistula

a hole between the oropharynx and nasopharynx, ENT does surgery to repair it, fistulas can be further back that effect k and g or more anterior that effect fricatives and stops that are more anterior

T/F The sphenoid bone sits behind the eyes and forms the back wall of the nasal cavity

true

T/F The uvula is sparsely interspersed with muscle fibers

true

T/F The size and shape of the pharynx have minimal influence on the acoustic signals during speaking

false

A high compressive force of the velum is required at times. Give me an example of an activity that requires a high positive oral air pressure.

stops

Describe the production of the velum during the production of a sustained vowel

it elevates and moves back in anticipation of the next vowel

T/F VP closure is the same for all vowels, both high and low, during sustained vowel production

false

T/F Different muscles move the velum during production of words and phrases when a person is lying down vs sitting up

true

An audiologist and ENT need to be a part of a treatment team for a child with a cleft palate. Why?

they are more prone to otitis media and conductive hearing losses, they will also need surgery

About how old are children when they undergo repairs for cleft palate

lip surgery (chiroplasty) at 3 months, cleft palate surgery 18 months to 2 years

What bone is also called the cheek bone

zygomatic process

What bones form the back of the floor of the nasal cavity

palatine bones

What bones form the bridge of the outer nose

nasal bones

What bones form the part of the orbits of the eyes

lacrimal bones

What is the moveable facial bone

mandible

What system controls the movement of the velum

nervous system

Define ventilation

the movement of air in and out of the pulmonary system for the purpose of gas exchange

Define coarticulation

the effect one sound has on another sound

Is the superior constrictor muscle a muscle of the velum or pharynx

pharynx

Is the uvulus muscle a muscle of the velum or pharynx

velum

What is VP nasal airway resistance

an opposition to the flow of air through structures in the VP nasal airway

What is the VP sphincter compression

muscular pressure needed to keep the velum closed

What cranial nerve controls the motor aspect of the palatal tensor muscle

V (Trigeminal)

What cranial nerve controls the motor aspect of the outer nose

VII (Facial)

When consonants and vowels are combined as they are in running speech, control of the VP nasal mechanism is invested in ____ productions

consonant

Children with cleft palates may exhibit developmental speech disorders, compensatory articulation disorders, and phonological process disorders.

true

Give an example of a developmental speech disorder (artic disorder)

/w/ for /r/ substitution

Give an example of a compensatory articulation disorder

glottal stops for oral stops

Give an example of a phonological disorder

fronting

What is a glottal stop

closure (adduction) of the true vocal folds.

What is a pharyngeal stop

use the back of tongue against their pharynx to produce a stop

List the three sections of the nasal septum

the front part composed of cartilage, upper back part perpendicular to plate to the ethmoid bone, and the lower part that's the vomer bone

List the four paranasal sinuses

maxillary, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid

Describe the differences between the passive and active forces as it relates to the movement of the pharynx and velum

passive force is inherent and always present and arises from the natural recoil of muscles, cartilages, and connective tissues; active force is applied by muscles of the pharynx, velum, and outer nose

List three advantages of breathing through your nose instead of mouth breathing

converts temperature, filters dust and bacteria, increases humidity of incoming air

What is a pharyngeal fricative

touching the back of your tongue to the posterior pharyngeal wall just enough to let some air through

Children with clefts tend to produce speech sounds more posteriorly in the oral cavity than is normally the case. Why?

they want to produce the sound where the system is in tact

Children with clefts tend to have difficulty with pressure consonants (stops, fricatives, affricates), but nasals and semivowels (w, j) remain relatively intact. Explain why this is true.

They control the air more in the nasal cavity than the oral cavity. There is no need to form a high intraoral air pressure for semivowels.

A kid who says [ɔɡ] for dog. Do they have a developmental, compensatory or phonological disorder?

phonological

A kid who says [wɔdə] for water. Do they have a developmental, compensatory or phonological disorder?

developmental

A kid who says [ʔ] for pop. Do they have a developmental, compensatory or phonological disorder?

compensatory

Describe the different ways a pharynx can move

upward, outward, inward, and forward

Describe the changes you see in the pharynx from birth to death

pharynx is short at birth, lengthens as you get older, pharyngeal muscles weaken as you reach geriatric age

What are the three pharyngeal cavities

oral, nasal, and laryngeal

What is that tissue that young kids have that helps their palate close off the pharynx

adenoids

On the side of your mouth, there is the anterior faucial arch. What is behind it?

posterior faucial arch

What is between the anterior and posterior faucial arches?

palatine tonsils

What is the name of the tonsil at the root of your tongue?

lingual tonsil

When you're passing the FEES you need to follow the ____

inferior nasal turbinate

When breathing at rest, what can change airway resistance?

size of your nose, length of nasal coverage, nasal blockage, pressure from the VP port