C/C key terms

Defence Mechanisms

Unconscious strategies that the ego uses to manage the conflict between the id and the superego

Repression:

Reverting back to an earlier life stage and showing childlike behaviours
A person with an oral fixation may smoke more when he or she becomes more stressed at work

Displacement:

- Redirecting emotions to a substitute target.
- A student gets into trouble at work and then goes home and yells at his or her mother to relieve their anger

Sublimation:

- Redirecting "incorrect" urges into socially acceptable actions.
- A person may lift weights to release pent-up excitement over news he or she can't yet share

Denial:

- Claiming and/or believing what is true to be actually false
- A student seeing a low grade on his or her research paper automatically assumes the teacher made a grading error

Projection:

- Attributing uncomfortable feelings to others
- A person who has a same-sex attraction may view one of his or her friends as having a same-sex crush instead

Rationalization:

- Creating false but credible justifications for particular behaviours
- A person who illegally downloads music may rationalize that the artists have lots of money and won't miss a couple of dollars

Reaction Formation:

- Converting anxious thoughts into their opposites
- A person with low self-esteem acts macho in front of others

Suppression:

- Pushing uncomfortable thoughts into the unconscious
- Abuse suffered as a child is no longer part of the person's personal history or memory

Adolescence:

a transitional period between childhood and adulthood that typically lasts until the ages of 18 to 21

Agent of socialization:

a person or institution that shapes an individual's social development

Archetype:

a universal symbol or pattern

Conformity:

- Act of matching attitudes

Demography:

The statistical study of population

Deviance:

Behaviour that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society

Ego:

the conscious part of the human psyche that controls a person's most immediate behaviours and thoughts

it is the most in touch with reality and acts as the mediator between the id and superego

Egocentrism:

heightened self-awareness and self-consciousness

Id:

the unconscious part of the human psyche that meets the instinctual

Fresh contact:

the personal interpretation of the world by a young person

Generational replacement:

a theory claiming that changes in adolescent attitudes are important markers of longterm social change

Superego:

the part of the psyche that seeks perfection and controls our sense of guilt and right and wrong

demands are often opposite to the id

Imaginary audience:

phenomenon in which an individual believes that he or she is the centre of other people's attention

Looking Glass Self:

a person's self-image

Employment Standards Act:

a government act that sets out the minimum standards employers and employees must follow in the workforce

the act seeks to create fairness in the workplace for all Ontarians

Personal fable:

a personal drama that unfolds before an imaginary audience

Technosis

development and dependency on technology

Roles:

the expected behaviour of an individual in a social position

Acculturation

the process of contact

Diffusion

the spread of a cultural trait from one society to another through social contact

Norms

Expectations of appropriate conduct that serve as the basis of all social interactions

Dependency Load

Status

the relative social

Hierarchy

a system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority

History of the term "adolescence"

1904 study by G. Stanley Hall

Social change theory

Theories that examine the factors that contribute to the change in the structure of society

Social continuity

Structures built to resist change. NOT absence of change. Change always occurs

Systemic discrimination

Patterns of behaviour

Future shock

the state of confusion resulting from rapid scientific and technological changes that unravel our traditional values and beliefs

Culture Shock

the feeling of disorientation experienced by someone who is suddenly subjected to an unfamiliar culture

Normative influence

conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations

Informational influence

the tendency for people to conform when they assume that the behavior of others represents the correct way to respond

Pluralism

A state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal social standing

Dominant paradigm

- governs society
- function is to organize and define reality for its members
- barometer for society's standard and widely held systems of thought

Conditioning

the process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses

Personality disorder

Inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning