Chapter 26 Disorders of Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation

The structure that controls vascular function, platelet adhesion, and blood clotting is called __________.

Endothelium

__________ is the measure of average pressure in the arterial system during ventricular contraction and relaxation.

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

During __________, blood pressure falls as the heart relaxes.

diastole

The lumen of an __________ has a narrower lumen than that of arteries and serves as the resistance vessel of arterial circulation.

arteriole

The __________ are the site of exchange of fluid, gases, nutrients, and cellular waste products between the cells and the vascular system.

capillaries

The __________ measures sustained elevations in blood pressure and is classified as primary or secondary.

hypertension

Dyslipidemia is characterized by an imbalance of __________ components in the blood.

lipid

The __________ of blood vessels includes tunica externa, tunica media, and tunica intima.

structure

__________ is the reduction in arterial flow to a level that is insufficient to meet the oxygen demands of the tissues.

Ischemia

The __________ arise from the left ventricle to deliver oxygenated blood through systemic circulation.

aorta

Hypertension can increase the likelihood of both atherosclerotic vascular disease and __________ rupture.

vascular

The __________ mechanism involves the kidney, renin, and angiotensin.

renin-angiotensin

The sympathetic stimulation is associated with increased __________.

heart rate (Tachycardia)

Hyperlipidemia refers to __________ levels of lipids in the blood.

elevated

Chronic venous insufficiency is caused by prolonged standing and __________ valves.

incompetent

The __________ of a vessel occurs when there is an abnormal localized dilation of a blood vessel.

aneurysm

The __________ is responsible for transporting deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

pulmonary artery

In a __________ occlusion, symptoms include pallor, pain, pulselessness, paresthesia, paralysis, and polar (cold).

acute arterial

Atherosclerosis leads to the formation of fibrofatty __________ in the intimal lining of arteries.

lesions

Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) constrict and dilate blood vessels in response to __________ and neural stimulation.

hormonal

A __________ is a major risk factor for developing atherosclerosis due to elevated levels of LDL.

hypercholesterolemia

The __________ of systemic arterial blood pressure is a good indicator of tissue perfusion.

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

Complications resulting from larger vessel diseases include thrombus formation and __________ of the vessel wall.

weakening

An __________ occurs due to hemorrhage into the vessel wall with longitudinal tearing of the vessel wall.

aortic dissection

Primary hypertension has no specific causative condition, whereas __________ hypertension is caused by a medical condition.

secondary

The presence of a thrombus in a vein along with inflammation is referred to as __________.

venous thrombosis

Risk factors for hypertension include age, gender, race, and __________ history.

family

Larger arteries supplying the heart, brain, and kidneys are most commonly involved in __________.

ischemia

Vagal stimulation is associated with __________.

bradycardia

The __________ usually arises from the right ventricle and delivers deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

pulmonary artery

Acute arterial occlusion is often the result of __________ or thrombus.

embolus

Factors that increase peripheral vascular resistance and affect cardiac output include __________ activity.

sympathetic

The __________ is the layer of a blood vessel that regulates blood flow and vascular resistance.

endothelium

Endothelial dysfunction can be influenced by hemodynamic stress, inflammation, and __________.

lipid molecules

Dyslipidemia can occur as a primary condition due to genetic factors or as a __________ condition due to diet and lifestyle.

secondary

Risk factors associated with atherosclerosis include tobacco use, obesity, hypertension, and __________.

diabetes mellitus (DM)

During __________, the heart contracts and blood pressure rises.

systole

Aneurysms can occur in the __________, but are most commonly found in the aorta.

arteries

The __________ of the aorta and large arteries influences diastolic blood pressure.

elasticity

The presence of valves in larger venules helps prevent __________ of blood.

backflow

The average blood pressure classified as normal is less than __________ mm Hg systolic and 80 mm Hg diastolic.

120

Clinical manifestations of aortic aneurysms depend on its __________ and location.

size

Hypercholesterolemia and hypertension are traditional risk factors for __________.

atherosclerosis

Complicated lesions in atherosclerosis may contain _________ or ulceration.

hemorrhage

Factors influencing blood pressure regulation include cardiac output, peripheral vascular __________, and blood volume.

resistance

The formation of foam cells occurs as monocytes in atherosclerosis __________ lipoproteins.

engulf

Complications of hypertension include chronic kidney disease and __________.

blindness

Juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney produce __________ in response to low blood pressure.

renin

Clinical manifestations of chronic venous insufficiency include skin changes and __________.

edema