AP Euro Ch 16-17

Impact of WWI

mass death and destruction, disillusionment; great distrust in tradition, democracy, humanity, government, economy, etc.

League of Nations

international organization founded in 1919 to help establish peace after WWI; weak due to U.S. not joining and no military enforcement

Rentenmark

Germany faced huge inflation after WWI; currency introduced in 1923 to help fix this problem

Dawes Plan

1924 plan to revive the German economy; U.S. loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S; successful until Great Depression hits

Great Depression Causes

Speculation- investing with money you don't have
Lasseiz-faire- markets were too free and had no restrictions
Overproduction- making too many things after war
Wealth gap- between super rich businessmen and industrial working class

Great Depression

economic crisis staring with the US stock market crash in 1929 and spread to the rest of the world; extreme unemployment and social/political repercussions; powerlessness of governments

John Maynard Keynes

British economist who advised deficit spending to help Britain get out of the Depression

Franklin D. Roosevelt

US President from 1933-1945; pushed for active government intervention in the economy; created the New Deal; led US during WWII

American New Deal

created by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933; series of programs and public works focused on relief, recovery, and reform; recovery was still slow

Mahatma Gandhi

Leader of the peaceful civil disobedience movement in India

Totalitarian states

a state characterized by government control over all aspects of economic, social, political, cultural, and intellectual life, the subordination of the individual to the state, and insistence that the masses be actively involved in the regime's goals.

Fascism

an ideology or movement that exalts the nation above the individual and calls for a centralized government with a dictatorial leader, economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of opposition

Civil Disobedience

a policy of peaceful protest against laws or government policies in order to achieve political change

propaganda

biased information put out by an organization/government to spread its ideas

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943); rose to power after the Italian government's inability to deal with problems; appointed prime minister in 1922, then became a dictator in 1926; led the Fascist Party in Italy; established a totalitarian government

Fascist Italy

led by Benito Mussolini; wanted to make an Italian empire; press laws, police laws, political monopoly; tried to mold Italians into a single community, but never achieved same level of control as Nazi Germany or Soviet Union

Weimar Germany

democratic government in Germany between WWI and Nazi Germany; ineffective and left many feeling unsatisfied; contributed to Hitler's rise to power

Nazi Germany

Germany under the rule of Hitler and the Nazi Party (1933-1943); wanted to create a unified Aryan empire; mass spectacles, control of education and indoctrination of children; strong antisemitism

Adolf Hitler

German Nazi dictator from 1933-1943;

Mein Kampf

"My Struggle"; book written by Hitler during his imprisonment from 1923-1924 outlining his ideas

Nuremburg Laws

1935 laws defining the status of Jews and restricting their rights in Germany

Kristallnacht

"Night of Broken Glass"; Nov 9-10 1938; Jewish businesses are destroyed

Squadristi

in Italy in the 1920s, bands of armed Fascists used to create disorder by attacking Socialist offices and newspapers

Lebensraum

"Living space"; the doctrine, adopted by Hitler, that a nation's power depends on the amount of land it occupies; thus a nation must expand to be strong.

Fuhrerprinzip

in Nazi Germany, a leadership principle based on the belief in a single-minded party (the Nazis) under one leader (Hitler)

USSR

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; Created by Lenin in 1922

Joseph Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953);

First Five Year Plan

Stalin's economic plan to build heavy industry (1928-1932); real wages declined, and propaganda used to keep morale; rapid collectivization of agriculture caused famine and the deaths of 10 million peasants; dictatorship established in 1929, and political enemies purged 1936-1938 with 8 million arrested

Spanish Civil War

instability of Spanish Republic leads to military revolt; 1936-1939; split between Republicans and Nationalists; Hitler teams up with the nationalists to test bombing cities; Nationalists win

Francisco Franco

Fascist leader of the Spanish revolution, helped by Hitler and Mussolini

Roaring Twenties

the decade of the 1920's which got this nickname because of the times prosperity and excitement; Jazz Age; Invention of radio and movies (used in totalitarian states for propaganda)

Surrealism

emphasis on dreams and subconscious; ex: "The Persistence of Memory" by Salvador Dali

Dadaism

emphasis on confusion, uncertainty, and purposelessness of life;

Cubism

defying traditional principles; harsh angles represent harshness of life; ex: "Guernica" by Pablo Picasso

Hitler's Diplomatic Revolution

Hitler relies on the appeasement policy of the other European nations to get away with everything; Germany rearms in 1935; occupies the Rhineland in 1936; allies with Italy in Oct 1936 and Japan in Nov 1936

Appeasement Policy

idea created as an effect of WWI that if aggressive nations are kept happy, another war would be avoided; reason why Hitler was able to come to power so easily

Axis Powers (WWII)

Germany, Italy, Japan (all fascist states)

Allied Powers (WWII)

Great Britain, France, Soviet Union, United States (France surrendered shortly after the war began)

Blitzkrieg

"lightning war;" a war conducted with great speed and force, as in Germany's advance at the beginning of World War II; especially made use of airplane bombings

Anschluss

Union of Germany and Austria in 1933

Munich Conference

1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further

Neville Chamberlain

Great British prime minister who advocated peace and a policy of appeasement; replaced by Winston Churchill

Nonaggression Pact of 1939

Secret agreement between Hitler and Stalin to not fight so that Hitler can occupy Poland; Aug 1939; ends up being the final straw and WWII begins

Washington Naval Conference

1922; limited construction of ships for the navy, especially in Japan

"Phony War"

winter 1939-1940; period of preparation as the countries waited for winter to pass

Evacuation of Dunkirk

British and French troops retreated to the French beaches when Belgium was taken; rescue operation performed successfully and many troops lived to fight another day

Surrender of France

June 22 1940

Vichy Regime

French puppet government set up by Nazis after France's surrender

Winston Churchill

Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII

Battle of Britain

Aug-Sept 1940; series of air battles and bombings as Germany attempted to take over Britain; Britain won and Hitler turned his attention to the Soviet Union

Pearl Harbor Bombing

Dec 7, 1941; Japan bombs important naval base in Hawaii, causing US to enter the war

Battle of Stalingrad

Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942-1943; failed due to it being wintertime; turning point on eastern front

Battle of Midway

U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 4 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers; turning point in Asia

Unconditional Surrender

giving up to an enemy without any demands or requests

Allied Invasion of Italy

Sept 1943; Rome falls in June 1944

D-Day

Allied invasion of France on June 6, 1944; Five assault divisions land on Normandy beaches; turning point on western front; allowed for Allied advances into Germany

Battle of Kursk

July 1943; largest tank battle in WWII; fought between Germany and Russia

Surrender of Germany

May 7, 1945; Hitler commits suicide a week before

Battle of Leyte Gulf

between US and Japan in the Philippines; largest naval battle in history

Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Aug 6 and Aug 9 1945; forced Japan to surrender; most destructive bomb dropped

Surrender of Japan

August 15, 1945; official end of WWII

The White Rose Movement

resistance movement against Nazi Germany by German college students

The Holocaust

the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler; first through immigration, then systemic killing

The "Final Solution"

Hitler's program of systematically killing the entire Jewish people

Einsatzgruppen

Nazi "death squads" that killed Jews

Aushwitz-Birkenau

largest death camp; located in Poland

Japanese Occupation of Asia

"Asia for the Asians"; exploited resources of occupied lands; subjection of people to severe hardships; 800,000 Korean forced laborers

Home front during WWII

"total war" mobilization of all the nation's resources for a common goal; America had economic and social gains/problems; Germany took longer to mobilize due to wanting to keep morale up, which contributed to them losing the war

bushido and kamikaze

Bushido was the ancient Japanese code of honor and no surrender used by the samurai; it became propaganda and the basis for Japanese strategy of not surrendering in WWII; Kamikaze ("divine wind") were suicide bombers used to attack US ships later in the war as Japan was desperate

Cost of WWII

21 million soldiers and 40 million civilians dead (most from Soviet Union); displacement of 30 million; physical devastation cost 40 trillion;

Impact of Technology

creation/improvement of radars, jets, computers, and nuclear weapons

Conference at Tehran

Nov 1943; Allied conference planning D-Day invasion

Yalta Conference

Feb 1945; Amrica asks for Soviet assistance in Japan and the creation of United Nations; agreement on German unconditional surrender

Potsdam Conference

July 1945; Growing tensions between US and Soviet Union

Cold War

a state of political hostility between countries characterized by threats, propaganda, and other measures short of open warfare, in particular; between US and Soviet Union; failure of Stalin to uphold promises during WWII led to tensions along with political differences