final

Which of the following does NOT return blood to the right atrium?

Pulmonary veins

Which two arteries arise from the right coronary artery?

The right marginal artery and the right posterior interventricular artery

Deoxygenated blood goes to lungs, becomes oxygenated, returns to left side of heart.

True

The urinary system helps maintain long-term blood pressure by controlling blood volume.

True

Which vessel is guarded by a semilunar valve?

Pulmonary trunk

6. What surface groove separates the right and left ventricles?

Answer: Interventricular sulcus

Sinusoid capillaries allow passage of small solutes only.

False

The pulmonary circuit sends blood to the:

Lungs

Cardiac output = blood pumped out of each ventricle per minute.

True

Veins carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary veins (oxygenated).

True

Smallest arteries?

Arterioles

An insufficient left AV valve allows backflow into the:

Left atrium

Veins drain blood and excess fluid from capillary beds.

True e

The cardiac conduction system starts at the AV node.

False

“

Which vessel supplies systemic circuit with oxygenated blood?

The aorta

-

Which cardiac muscle cells generate their own APs?

Cardiac pacemaker cells

Large veins have smooth muscle in all three tunics.

False

.

The brachial artery is in the arm and used for BP.

True

19. Three factors affecting vasomotor activity: local, neural, hormonal.

True

What helps veins return blood against gravity?

Skeletal muscle

The subclavian vein is located in the lower part of the vein.

False

The apex of the heart is pointing toward the:

Left hip

The aorta carries oxygenated blood into the heart.

False

..

Fastest pacemaker (60–70+ bpm)?

S.A node

.

Which tunic is innervated by SNS nerves?

Tunica media

.

Left ventricle myocardium characteristic?

Thicker than the right ventricle

Order superficial → deep (blood vessel tunics):

Tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima

When the right ventricle fills and contracts, which valve closes?

-Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid)

Oxygenated blood returns via ______ into the left ______.

Pulmonary veins, atrium

.

Purkinje fibers are the slowest with 20 depolarizations/min.

True

32. Relationship between peripheral resistance & BP:

As peripheral resistance increases, BP increases

-

Blood pressure = outward force blood exerts on vessel walls.

True

Pulmonary valve opens when the __________ ventricle contracts.

Right

Nutrient & oxygen exchange occurs at capillary beds.

True

Deoxygenated blood returns from the head via the SVC.

True

If excess fluid isn’t removed from tissues, edema occurs.

True

Most superficial layer of pericardium?

Fibrous pericardium

.

What’s between visceral & parietal pericardium?

Pericardial fluid

.-

All valves closed during which phase?

Isovolumetric contraction phase

Which is NOT true about arteries?

Arteries are less elastic than veins (FALSE statement)

.

Coronary circulation delivers oxygenated blood to the:

Heart

A portal system sends blood from artery → vein directly.

False

Arteries are the ________ system.

Distribution

Which is NOT part of the conduction system?

AV valve

Tunica intima in arteries consists of endothelium.

True

can be felt only in arteries, not in veins.

True

First cardiac cycle phase?

Ventricular fillin

Both atria receive blood from:

Veins

Correct conduction pathway sequence:

3, 6,1, 4,2,5

The spleen is the largest lymphoid organ.

True

.

First cardinal sign of inflammation is redness caused by excess fluid in tissues.

False

T cells that haven’t encountered antigen are called naive.

True

Where are pathogens filtered from lymph?

Lymph nodes

T cells become immunocompetent in the spleen.

False

Lymphatic excess fluid is returned to the digestive system for HCl synthesi

False

Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes.

True

Artificial active immunity results from immunizations

True

Which is a non-phagocytic cell?

Basophils

Cytokines allow cell-to-cell communication during inj

True

Which is NOT a cytokine of innate immunity?

Opsonins

12. Eosinophils act as phagocytes that engulf allergens and debri

True

Innate immunity has immunological memory.

False

4. Innate immunity includes:

Mucus membrane

Failure of the lymphatic system may cause edema.

True

.

We have only one set of tonsils on the palate.

False

The thymus activates B cells.

False

18. Another function of the lymphatic system:

Answer: Dietary fat absorption

Fever helps prevent bacterial proliferation.

True

-

The second line of defense consists of:

Cells and antimicrobial proteins

Appendix & Peyer’s patches are lymphoid tissues in intestines.

Tree

Organ producing complement proteins:

Liver

Which is NOT part of the first line of defense?

Antibodies

Thymus cells present self-antigens & allow reactive T cells to exit.

True

Self-reactive T cells are destroyed because:

They attacked own cells

Which is a phagocytic innate immune cell?

Neutrophils

Natural Killer cells can destroy cancerous or infected cells.

True

28. Which is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation

Cold

Phagocytes presenting antigens on MHC are APCs.

True

Phagocytes presenting antigens on MHC are APCs.

True

Which T cell mediates activity of other immune cells?

Helper T cells

Lymphatic vessels have valves like veins.

True

In adults, the thymus:

Shrinks and decreases activity

Immune clearance is a function of activated complement proteins.

True

MALT trapping nasal/oral pathogens:

Tonsils

Example of MALT:

Tonsils

Some monocytes differentiate into mast cells

False

37. Main function of lymphatic system:

Absorbing excess fluid from tissues

Antibodies are proteins with five chains and a variable region.

False

Antibodies produced 3–5 days after exposure represent:

Natural active immunity

Lymph nodes may swell and become tender during infection.

True

Adaptive immunity is slower because:

Answer: It responds only after antigen exposure

Pressure from excess fluid stimulates pain receptors (cardinal sign).

True

Natural killer cells are lymphocytes.

True

44. Cytotoxic T cells release chemicals that destroy pathogens

Tree

Fever is part of the third line of defense.

False

Main role of macrophages in lymphatic tissues:

Phagocytosis

Increased blood flow causes heat during inflammation.

True

NOT a way lymphatic & immune systems work together:

Lymphoid organs create blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells

B cells become immunocompetent in the:

Bone marrow