Nutrition Final Exam

What are essential nutrients?

Nutrients that the body cannot produce on its own and must be obtained through the diet, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water.

What does nutrient density refer to?

The amount of nutrients a food contains compared to its calorie content.

What is energy density?

The number of calories per gram of food.

How many kilocalories are in 1 gram of carbohydrates?

4 kcal/g.

How to calculate total calories from macronutrients?

Add the calories from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats together.

What is RDA?

Recommended Dietary Allowance; the daily intake level that meets the needs of 97–98% of healthy individuals.

Define MyPlate.

A modern food guide that divides a plate into sections for fruits, vegetables, grains, and protein with a side of dairy.

What is the function of the small intestine?

Major site for nutrient absorption, featuring villi and microvilli to increase surface area.

What does chyme refer to?

The semi-liquid mixture of food and digestive juices that moves from the stomach to the small intestine.

What are the primary functions of antioxidants?

To protect cells from oxidative stress and damage.

What are the symptoms of ulcers?

Open sores in the stomach lining, often caused by H. pylori bacteria.

What is the difference between positive and negative nitrogen balance?

Positive nitrogen balance occurs when intake exceeds loss; negative nitrogen balance occurs when loss exceeds intake.

What is BMI?

Body Mass Index, a measure of body fat calculated as weight (kg) divided by height (m²).

What is the main source of energy for muscles?

Carbohydrates (glucose) are the primary fuel for muscles during exercise.

What are the healthy types of fats?

Unsaturated fats and omega-3 fatty acids.

What is the role of proteins in the body?

Proteins are essential for growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues.

What is the significance of vitamin D?

Helps in calcium absorption and is important for bone health.

What is food insecurity?

The lack of access to enough food for an active, healthy life.

What types of studies are Cohort Studies?

Studies that follow a group of people over time to assess health outcomes based on exposures.

What is the purpose of %DV on food labels?

Helps consumers understand how a nutrient fits into the daily diet based on a 2000-calorie diet.

What are the common eating disorders?

Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder.

Describe the composition of gastric juice.

Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid (HCl), pepsinogen, mucus, and intrinsic factor.