HUSH Ch. 16-18

Second Industrial Revolution

Development of chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries. Mass production of consumer goods through heavy mechanization. Provided widespread employment and increased production.

Thomas Edison

One of the most prolific inventors in U.S. history. Among other things, he invented the phonograph, first practical light bulb, electric battery, mimeograph, and the moving picture.

Trusts

Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly).

Captains of Industry

Positive view of Gilded Age business leaders that focused on growing their business, typically a monopoly, and investing in technology. Created Jobs and gave back to communities.

Robber Barons

Negative view of Gilded Age business leaders. People said they took advantage of the common people (low wages, long hours, no freedom, etc.); fought against Unions

J. P. Morgan

An influential banker and businessman who bought and reorganized companies. Even loaned to the government at one point.

John D. Rockefeller

Captain of industry famous for oil. Used horizontal expansion. Cutthroat in business, generous outside of it.

Standard Oil Company

Rockefeller's oil company that used horizontal expansion to build a monopoly. Symbolized trusts and monopolies of the Gilded Age (supreme court intervened in 1911).

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Captain of industry famous for railroads.

Andrew Carnegie

Captain of industry famous for his steel. Used vertical integration to build wealth. Very cutthroat in business, but generous outside of it.

United States Steel Corporation

The first billion dollar American corporation, organized when J.P. Morgan bought out Andrew Carnegie.

Gospel of Wealth

book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists/serve society.

"Vertical integration"

Business strategy where a company controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to the distribution. (Carnegie)

"Horizontal expansion"

Business strategy where a company buys out all of its competition (Rockefeller)

Jacob Riis

How the Other Half Lives, Muckraker writer/photographer who photographed the less fortunate in NY (documentary photography). His most popular work helped start the process of the reform of the slums of NY.

Mark Twain

prolific author and part of anti-imperialist league. Coined term "gilded age".

Gilded Age

A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, monopolies, and corruption in the government.

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

Lochner v. New York

1905, Supreme Court case that decided against setting up an 8 hour work day for bakers (showed no workers rights)

Great Railroad Strike

1877 - A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men.

Knights of Labor

Led by Terence V. Powderly; open-membership policy extending to unskilled, semiskilled, women, African-Americans, immigrants; goal was to create a cooperative society between in which labors owned the industries in which they worked; wasn't very effective

Social Gospel

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

Haymarket Affair

1886, incident that made unions, particularly the Knights of Labor, look violent because a bomb exploded during a protest of striking workers. Divided and weakened the labor movement

Mountain Meadows Massacre

An attack by a group of Mormons on a wagon train of non-Mormon settlers, killing over 100 adults and older children. The event came out of a period of tension between the federal government and the Mormons

Chief Joseph

Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations

Battle of Little Bighorn

In 1876, Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated Custer's troops who tried to force them back on to the reservation, Custer and all his men died from being heavily outnumbered; portrayed to seem like Custer and his men honorably battled to the end, while they were the ones who attacked and then scrambled; enraged many Americans

General George A. Custer

United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn; previously was a Union General

Dawes Act

1887 law which gave all Native American males 160 acres to farm(given to those who only agreed to assimilate into U.S. culture and become a citizen) and also set up schools to make Native American children more like other "Americans"

Ghost Dance

spiritual ceremony that the Native Americans performed. Symbolized efforts by native americans to revive native ways of life (revived it). Natives believed that they could regain control of lost territory and break control from the whites by going back to their roots. Anti-assimilation (somehow tied to the Dawes Act???).

Wounded Knee Massacre

mass killing by U.S. soldiers of as many as 300 unarmed Sioux (Sitting Bull's followers) at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in 1890

William "Buffalo Bill" Cody

An employee of the Kansas Pacific railroad company, Cody killed over 4,000 buffalo in 18 months. Helped shape the image of the cowboy.

Sitting Bull

Sioux chief (and political leader) who led the attack on Custer at the Battle of the Little Bighorn

Helen Hunt Jackson

A Century of Dishonor, A muckraker whose book exposed the unjust manner in which the U.S. government had treated the Indians. Protested the Dawes Severalty Act.

Boss Tweed

head of tammany hall who was super corrupt (example of corruption at that time) in NY. Took advantage of the poor immigrants, etc.

Credit Mobilier

railroad company that was not actually a real company. It was actually a fake company that "competed" with Union Pacific so that Union Pacific could get higher funding from the government to build railroads. They bribed officials to not talk about it (super corrupt).

Civil Service Act of 1883

Established the Civil Service Commission (Merit system for government workers) and marked the end of the spoils system.

Interstate Commerce Act/Commission Sherman Anti-Trust

ICC made to regulate railroads, Sherman Anti-Trust Act made to destroy monopolies. Meant to destroy trusts but was used to destroy unions instead due to good lawyers of big companies.

Farmer's Alliance

alliance of farmers that wanted the sub-treasury plan (government helps farmers with low interest loans and warehouses to store crops). Fought against railroads and manufacturers.

Populists (or People's Party)

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver, government control of railroads and other monopolies, graduated income tax, and support/aid for workers/farmers rights. Absorbed into Democratic party by Progressive Era but ideas did not die out.

Mary Elizabeth Lease

Big speaker for the Populist party/Farmer's Alliance. One of the founders of the national Populist party. She believed that big business had made the people of America into "wage slaves," and challenged her fellow farmers to "raise less corn and more hell."

Coxey's Army

a protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by the populist Jacob Coxey. They marched on Washington D.C. in 1894, the second year of a four-year economic depression that was the worst in United States history to that time

Pullman Strike

A staged walkout strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. Eventually President Grover Cleveland intervened because it was interfering with mail delivery and federal troops forced an end to the strike. The strike highlighted both divisions within labor and the government's continuing willingness to use armed force to combat work stoppages.

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party. Had famous "Cross of Gold" speech

"Cross of Gold" Speech

An address given by Bryan, the Democratic presidential nominee during the national convention of the Democratic party, it criticized the gold standard and supported the coinage of silver. His beliefs were popular with debt-ridden farmers. Specifically relates to workers rights, common man, etc.

William McKinley

Republican candidate who opposed Bryan, 25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist

Gold Standard Act

Signed by McKinley in 1900 and stated that all paper money must be backed only by gold. This meant that the government had to hold large gold reserves in case people wanted to trade in their money. Also eliminated silver coins in circulation.

Kansas Exodus

As a result of hardships that come with living in the south (Jim Crow laws, lynchings, etc.), 40,000-60,000 blacks migrate to Kansas in the years 1879 and 1880

National Association of Colored Women

An organization created in 1896 by African American women to provide community support. Through its local clubs, the NACW arranged for the care of orphans, founded homes for the elderly, advocated temperance, undertook public health campaigns, advocated women's suffrage, and fought lynching and jim crow laws.

Booker T. Washington

Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. Was a prominent and powerful orator who preached racial equality economically(socially they could be separated)

Atlanta Compromise Speech

speech made by Booker T. Washington and the International Cotton exposition which called for blacks to become proficient in agriculture, mechanics, and commerce, and for whites to trust blacks and provide opportunities for them to be successful economically.

Tuskegee Institute

Black educational institution founded by Booker T. Washington to provide training in agriculture and crafts; focused on achieving economic independence

W.E.B. Dubois

A black historian and sociologist and author of several books, he was a leader in the movement to win social justice for African Americans. Harvard educated, DuBois was considered a radical in that he demanded racial equality should be immediate. He was devoted to teaching, training, and mentoring college-educated black people to become leaders of their race. He helped form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), possibly the most influential civil rights group in American history.

Grandfather Clause

A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867. Allowed poor white men to vote, while freed black men couldn't.

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation on the basis of "separate but equal"

"Separate but Equal"

Supreme Court doctrine established in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson. Allowed state-required racial segregation in places of public accommodation as long as the facilities were equal.

Ida B. Wells

After being denied a seat on a railroad car because she was black, she became the first African American to file a suit against such discrimination. As a journalist, she criticized Jim Crow laws, demanded that blacks have their voting rights restored and crusaded against lynching. In 1909, she helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

The Lost Cause

The phrase many white southerners applied to their Civil War defeat. They viewed the war as a noble cause but only a temporary setback in the South's ultimate vindication

New Immigrants

Immigrants who came to the United States during and after the 1880s; most were from southern and eastern Europe.

Immigration Restriction League

A Nativist group of elites who pushed social darwinism, wanted to restrict immigration into the U.S. to certain groups they deemed desirable. Because of them congress passed a bill in 1897 requiring a literacy test for immigrants.

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

United States v. Wong Kim Ark

Supreme Court decision in which the Fourteenth Amendment awarded citizenship to children of Chinese immigrants born on American soil; set precedent for birthright citizenship

American Federation of Labor

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

Samuel Gompers

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

Alfred T. Mahan

The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, written by Alfred T. Mahan, it emphasized that control of the sea was the key to world dominance and that countries should build up their navies

Queen Liliuokalani

Last Hawaiian ruler of Hawaii who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests

William Randolph Hearst

A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism."

Joseph Pulitzer

co-creator of the Yellow Press who lead the American public to believe that the situation in Cuba was worse than it was in reality; leading Democratic figure and also created the Pulitzer prizes

Yellow Press

newspapers that used sensational headlines and exaggerated stories in order to promote readership, especially used by publishers Hearst and Pulitzer

U.S.S. Maine

American ship sailing around Cuba that supposedly was destroyed by Spain (false). Sparked the Spanish American War for Cuba.

Teller Amendment

As Americans were preparing for war with Spain over Cuba in 1898, this Senate measure stated that under no circumstances would the United States annex Cuba. The amendment was passed as many in the muckraking press were suggesting that the Cuban people would be better off "under the protection" of the U.S

Rough Riders

The First United States Volunteer Calvary, volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American War. Enlisted by Theodore Roosevelt, they won many battles in Florida and enlisted in the invasion army of Cuba.

Platt Amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty, allowed the United States to intervene in Cuba and gave the United States control of the naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

Open Door Policy

Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.

Philippine War

(1898-1902); War in which America used brutal tactics to crush rebellion; involved executions, concentration camps, destruction, and savagery; Jones Act allowed for independence of this nation when ready, but did not specify a specific date. Eventually, citizens would gain independence in 1946. U.S. lost much less men than did the Filipinos

Anti-Imperialist League

objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900

Progressivism

The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy and human society in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, fought for workers rights, and worked to bring equal rights to women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution.

Muckrakers

progressives who criticized the state of urban society (often having to do with the working and living conditions of laborers) and were labled "muckrakers" by Teddy Roosevelt

Lewis Hine

famous photographer/muckraker during the progressive area. He is the most well known for his haunting photographs of young workers and child labor, as well as immigration and war

Lincoln Steffens

Journalist who people say started muckraking journalism. Criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities (1906).

Upton Sinclair

The Jungle, The muckraker author who wrote a book about the horrors of food production in 1906, the bad quality of meat and the dangerous working conditions. inspired Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry/Standard Oil Company with her work

Louis D. Brandeis

lawyer and later a justice of the Supreme court spoke and wrote widely about the "curse of bigness." (problems of American banking system, big corporations). He thought the government should help small businesses/reglar people. Also Jewish

Eugene V. Debs

Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman strike; imprisoned for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking. While in prison, he read Socialist literature and emerged as a Socialist leader in America.

Socialist Party

a political party that believes working people should own and control industry (production and distribution) through democratically controlled public agencies, cooperatives, or other collective groups

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

A major feminist prophet during the late 19th and early 20th century. She published "Women and Economics" which called on women to abandon their dependent status and contribute more to the community through the economy. She created centralized nurseries and kitchens to help get women into the work force. Also wrote the "Yellow Wallpaper"

Industrial Workers of the World

Founded in 1905, this radical union aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity. Created in response to the AFL

Mary "Mother" Jones

Labor organizer, known as Mother Jones. She fought for coal workers' rights by speaking in Appalachian mining towns, encouraging them to join unions. She also fought for child labor laws and economic justice. Co-founded IWW

Isadora Duncan

reformer focused on changing strict dance (ballet) to a more expressive, free, and fluid art.

Emma Goldman

Lithuanian anarchist lecturer, immigrated to America, wanted a stateless society based on voluntary cooperation and self-expression. Editor of anarchist journal "Mother Earth". Exiled to Soviet Union.

Margaret Sanger

reformer who led birth control movement and created planned parenthood (saw suffering of unwanted pregnancy in poor sections of NY).

Helen Keller

American deafblind author ,"The Story of My Life". Also a very famous writer who wrote about pacifism, women's suffrage, and socialism/workers rights.

Society of American Indians

Organization founded in 1911 that brought together Native American intellectuals of many tribal backgrounds to promote discussion of the plight of Indian peoples (expose to public).

Carlos Montezuma

Native American activist and founding member of the Society of American Indians. Believed in assimilation through equal rights and self-determination (seen as radical).

John Dewey

believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education.

Hiram Johnson

The progressive reformer governor of California who fought against the economic and political power of the Southern Pacific Railroad (helped end trusts). He was successful.

Seventeenth Amendment

1913 constitutional amendment allowing American voters to directly elect US senators, showing general sentiment that people needed more freedom.

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Hull Houses. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.

Hull House

Settlement home created by Jane Addams and designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty.

Florence Kelley

labor rights activist, women's rights activist, also interested in general progressive ideas (african american rights)