Part 1

Right to Health

The State shall protect and promote the right to health of the people and instill health consciousness among them as per Article II Sec. 15 of the 1987 Constitution.

State Ownership of Natural Resources

All lands of the public domain, waters, minerals, coal, petroleum, and other mineral oils, among others, are owned by the State as stated in Article XII Sec. 2 of the 1987 Constitution.

International Agreements

Agreements between states to govern environmental issues like pollution and resource depletion fall under International Environmental Law (IEL).

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)

The principal agency responsible for environmental protection in the Philippines, as mandated by EO 192 (1987).

Precautionary Principle

When an activity poses threats to health or the environment, precautionary measures should be taken even without full scientific certainty, emphasizing preventive action and public participation.

Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR)

Principle in international environmental law where all states are responsible for global environmental issues but not equally, considering differences in economic development and contributions.

Rights of Future Generations

Ensuring future generations inherit a clean environment, with obligations to pass on an undamaged world and provide equal access to public resources.

Sustainable Development

Development meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs, balancing economic growth, environmental care, and social well-being.

Principle of Integration

Environmental protection requirements should be incorporated into all community policies and activities to promote sustainable development.

Tragedy of the Commons

A situation where individual self-interest leads to the depletion of shared resources, causing harm to all users.

Overcoming the Tragedy of the Commons

Methods like government regulation, assigning private property rights, and co-operative collective action can help prevent overconsumption and depletion of resources.

Biodiversity

The National Integrated Protected Areas System Act aims to protect native plants and animals through various categories of protected areas like strict nature reserves, natural parks, and wildlife sanctuaries.

Expanded National Integrated Protected Areas System (ENIPAS) Act of 2018

Declared 94 national parks as new protected areas, imposing stricter fines for violators and collecting funds for conservation projects.

Forest

The Revised Forestry Code PD 705 defines forest lands, selective logging, licenses, and permits related to the utilization and management of forest resources.

Forest Management Bureau

Responsible for advising the Secretary on forest development and conservation matters, recommending policies for protection, development, and conservation of forest lands, and overseeing various forest-related functions.

License Agreement, License, Lease, or Permit

Required authorization for utilizing, exploiting, or conducting activities within forest and grazing lands, or establishing wood or forest products processing plants.

Cutting, Gathering, and/or Collecting Timber or Other Forest Products Without License

Prohibits unauthorized cutting, gathering, or possessing of timber or forest products, with penalties including confiscation and deportation for offenders.

National Greening Program (NGP)

Aims to reduce poverty, manage natural resources sustainably, provide goods and services, raise public awareness, instill positive values, and consolidate greening efforts.

Tenure Instruments

Various agreements like Community Based Forest Management Agreement, Timber License Agreement, Integrated Forest Management Agreement, etc., that govern the use and management of forest lands.

Chainsaw Act of 2002 RA 9175

Regulates ownership, use, and importation of chainsaws to prevent illegal logging, with requirements for permits and registration of chainsaws.

PD 953

Requiring the Planting of Trees in Certain Places:Mandates tree planting for landowners near rivers, creeks, subdivision owners, and holders of government licenses, leases, or permits.

Coconut Preservation Act of 1995 (Republic Act 8048)

Aims to regulate cutting of coconut trees, with provisions for replanting, defining terms like economically unproductive farm and senescent coconut trees.

Senescent Coconut Trees

Coconut trees that have reached an age where they are no longer productive economically.

Permit to Cut

Authorization required to cut coconut trees, involving application submission to the PCA and payment of a fee.

Authority to Cut

Exclusive power held by the Philippine Coconut Authority to grant permits for cutting coconut trees.

Products and By-Products

Various items derived from coconuts such as copra, coconut oil, coconut milk, activated charcoal, and novelty items like coconut husk and coconut water.

Land Administration

Process involving determining, recording, and disseminating information about land tenure, value, and use, including activities like land titling and registration.

Land Management

Process of managing land resources, including activities like land use planning, real property taxation, and environmental protection.

Components of Land Administration System

Essential elements for an effective land administration system, including land survey and mapping, land adjudication, and land registration.

Modes of Acquiring Ownership

Various ways to acquire ownership of public lands, such as through public land grants, sales, leases, and homestead patents.

Issuing Authority

Entities responsible for issuing land titles like Patents issued by the DENR and Decrees issued by the Land Registration Authority.

Land Registration vs

Land registration involves the official recording of rights in land, while land titling refers to the manner of acquisition or holding of such rights.