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Atoms
The building blocks of matter, composed of subatomic particles.
Subatomic particles
Smaller particles that make up atoms, including protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Protons
Positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.
Neutrons
Neutral particles found in the nucleus of an atom.
Electrons
Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom.
Atomic number
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
Atomic weight
The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
Reactants
The substances that react together in a chemical reaction.
Products
The new substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction.
Compounds
Substances formed by chemically bonding two or more types of elements.
Ionic compounds
Compounds formed between metals and nonmetals through the transfer of electrons.
Ions
Charged particles formed when atoms gain or lose electrons.
Covalent compounds
Compounds formed when non-metal atoms share electrons.
Acids
Corrosive substances that react with other substances, often producing hydrogen gas.
Bases
Substances that have a bitter taste and feel slippery, often used in cleaning products.
Salts
Products of neutralization reactions involving bonded positive metal ions and negative non-metal ions.
Precipitate
An insoluble solid formed during a chemical reaction.
Neutralization
A reaction between an acid and a base, resulting in the formation of a salt and water.
Combustion
A reaction between a fuel and oxygen, producing energy in the form of heat, light, or sound.
Exothermic reactions
Reactions that release energy in the form of heat, light, or sound.
Endothermic reactions
Reactions that absorb energy from their environment.
Rate of reaction
The speed at which a chemical reaction proceeds.
Catalysts
Substances that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.
Equation for neutralisation
acid + base —> salt + water
Equation for acids and metals
acid + metal —> salt + hydrogen
Equation for acids and carbonates
acid + carbonate —> salt + water + carbon dioxide
Equation for combustion
fuel + oxygen —> energy + waste
Equation for corrosion in iron
iron + oxygen + water —> hydrated iron (III) oxide
Equation for cellular respiration
glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + energy
Equation for photosynthesis
carbon dioxide + water —> glucose + oxygen
Note
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