Modern Medicine

By 1900 what had been discovered?

The correct cause of many diseases

What did Mendel do during the 19th century?

Showed how human characteristics could be passed between generations

In the 20th century what did electron microscopes and x rays allow scientists to do?

Analyse human cells in greater detail

What did electron microscopes and x rays discover to do with DNA

Every cell in the body contains DNA controlling genes

What did James Watson and Francis Crick work together on

How the genetic codes of DNA fitted together

How did Watson and Crick discover how DNA fitted together?

Analysed x ray crystallography at Kings College Hospital

When did Watson and Crick work out the double helix structure of DNA?

1953

What did James Watson lead in 1990?

The Human Genome project mapping every gene in human DNA

What has the discovery of the structure of DNA led to?

Understanding of genetic conditions, stem cells discovery, predicting who is at risk of cancer

What is now understood with smoking?

It can cause diseases like emphysema, heart disease and cancers

What is now understood with alcohol?

It can cause cancers and liver/kidney disease

What is now understood about diet?

Eating a balance of different foods reduces the chance of getting heart disease or cancers

How do modern doctors diagnose illness?

They combine knowledge and books with testing and technology

What are new things doctors now use to diagnose illnesses?

Labs, x rays, monitors

What does analysing blood allow people to do?

Diagnose and monitor diseases without having to surgically investigate

Medical technological advances examples

Microscopes, mri scans, incubators

What is something Koch discovered?

Different chemical dyes stained specific microbes

What is something Behring discovered?

The body creates antitoxins that only attack the microbe causing a disease

What did Paul Ehrlich and his team search for

A magic bullet

Magic bullet

A chemical compound that would attack and kill the microbe causing a specific disease

What did Ehrlich’s team test?

Compounds of Salvarsan that could cure syphilis

Who joined Erlich’s team in 1909?

Dr Hata

What did Dr Hata discover?

They had rejected a compound that worked- Salvarsan 606

What did Gerard Domagk develop in 1932

The second magic bullet, prontosil

What did prontosil cure?

Some types of blood poisoning

What did other scientists checking Domagks work discover

The sulphonamide in prontosil also cured pneumonia, scarlet fever and meningitis

What do antibiotics do?

Destroy bacteria or prevent its growth

What was the first antibiotic to be discovered?

Penicillin

What could scientists do once they had found the chemical structure of different antibiotics?

They could make antibiotics themselves without having to grow them first

What have recently developed that are resistant to antibiotics due to overuse?

Super bacteria

What have been some advances in keyhole and microsurgery?

Surgeons can use small incisions to access the body, and can use small instruments to reattach nerves and blood vessels

What have been some advances in robotic surgery?

Surgery can be carried out by doctors controlling robots, making surgery more precise

What have taxes funded since 1948?

Healthcare provided by the NHS

How did the establishment of the NHS improve access to healthcare?

All treatment became free

Why was healthcare unequal across the country?

Some areas did not have as many doctors or hospitals as others

What sort of NHS treatment is still difficult to access due to understaffing?

Dental treatment

When was the diphtheria epidemic and how many people died from it?

1938, 3000

What did the diphtheria epidemic lead to?

A government funded immunisation programme

What have the government done since 1948 to prevent people getting ill?

Funded testing and vaccination, created laws on smoking and pollution and created inspection schemes for food outlets

What else has the Government funded since 1948?

Publicity to raise awareness of dangers associated with smoking and drinking e.g 1980s aids campaign

What did Alexander Fleming notice?

Bacteria in a Petri dish were being killed by a penicillium mould

When did Fleming notice the penicillium mould?

1928

What did Fleming do in 1929?

Published his findings but did not believe penicillin would work on living people

What did Howard Florey and Ernst Chain do in 1939?

Continued Flemings research on penicillin

What did Florey and Chain discover in 1940?

Penicillin was effective on mice, so they tested it on humans which was successful

When did Fleming, Florey and Chain win the Nobel Prize?

1945

When did Florey ask US drug companies for help distributing penicillin?

1941

What did the US do after they joined the war?

Funded 21 companies to mass produce penicillin, starting in 1942

Symptoms of lung cancer

Coughing up blood, chest infections, persistent cough

What action is taken if lung cancer is suspected?

Patients are given a CT scan, and cells are collected and tested

What treatments are given to treat lung cancer?

Surgery to remove the tumour, radiotherapy or chemotherapy

When was TV advertising for cigarettes banned?

1965

What was put on tobacco products to encourage people to stop?

Tax

When was smoking banned in public places in the UK?

2007

What are shops not allowed to do today?

Publicly display tobacco products

What is now depicted on cigarette packaging

Graphic details of the dangers