Chapter 1: Indigenous America

Encomienda

The Spanish managed labor relations through a legal system known as the __, a feudal arrangement in which tied Indigenous laborers to vast estates.

Cahokia

was politically organized around chiefdoms.

Encomienda

The Spanish managed labor relations through a legal system known as the __, a feudal arrangement in which tied Indigenous laborers to vast estates.

Cahokia

was politically organized around chiefdoms.

Mississippians

The __ lived in the American Midwest and South.

Criollos

: New World- born Spaniards who rivaled the peninsulares for wealth and opportunities.

Slavery

___ became an important way that Native communities to grow and maintained power.

Sistema de Castas

The was a racial hierarchy that organized individuals into various racial groups based on their "purity of blood.

Twenty thousand

years ago, ice sheets extended across North America and connected it to Asia across the Bering Strait.

Cristopher Columbus

convinced Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain to provide him with three small ships, which landed in the modern- day Bahamas on October 12th, 1492, where they met the Indigenous Arawaks or Taino.

Peninsulares

were Iberian- born Spaniards who occupies the highest levels of administration and had the greatest estates.

North American Southeast

In Cahokia, war captives were an important part of the economy (as well as in the )

Native American slavery

was not based on holding people as property, but instead considered enslaved peoples to be people who lacked kinship networks.

arrival of Europeans

The and the resulting global exchange of people, animals, plants, and microbes (otherwise known as the Columbian Exchange) changed the course of historyThe First Americans.

Columbian Exchange

The was the global exchange of people, animals, plants and microbes that resulted when Europeans arrived in the New World

Eastern Woodlands

The region between the Mississippi River and the Atlantic Ocean was known as the ___

Three Sisters

The were three crops that provided the nutritional needs necessary to sustain cities and civilizations

Corns, beans, and squash

What three crops made up the Three Sisters?

Shifting cultivation

___ is a farming technique in which farmers would cut the forest down, burn the undergrowth, and then plant seeds in the nutrient-rich ashes while moving from field to field to allow the ground to recover

Cahokia

__ was the largest Mississippian settlement, with the population peaking at 10,000-30,000

Repartimiento

__ was supposed to be a milder alternative to the encomienda, but the abuses and exploitation of the older system continued

Mestizos

_ were those of mixed Spanish and Indigenous heritage

Chiefdoms

A hierarchal, clan-based system that gave leaders secular and sacred authority