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Construct Validity
Measurement or manipulation accurately presents theoretical variable
Internal Validity
Accuracy of conclusion about cause-effect relationships
External Validity
Statistical Validation
Accuracy of the stat. conclusions
Variables
Anything that changes
Relationships between Variables
Positive/Negative Linear, Curvilinear, No relationship
Correlational Method
Measures the relationship between two or more variables without manipulating them
Experimental Method
Manipulates IV, uses Random assignment, has a control/comparison group
Reliability
Xobserved = True Score + Measurement Error
True Score
Actual, Real score
Measurement Error
Random and Systematic
Random
Alters reliability
Systematic
Constant across the measurement - true score for a different construct
Test-Retest
Overtime
Internal Consistency
Split Halves, Cronbach’s Alpha, Item total
Split-Halves
r of total with each half
Cronbach’s Alpha
Average of all inter-item rs (range 0-1)
Item Total
Each item to total
Interrater
Cohen’s Kappa (role of chance)
Matched-Pairs Designs
ANCOVA
Repeated-Measures
Fewer Ps needed and reduces random error (Order effect, practice effect, fatigue effect, carryover effect)